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Functional approach / Notional-functional approach




 

(-) - . , , , . , .

, (John is easy to please. John is eager to please), a (John wrote this letter. This letter was written by John), , (intention) (function) (notion) (Hutchinson and Waters 1993, p. 27).

, , , . . , . . , : Could you close the window? Would you mind closing the window? Close the window, please. , , (exponent of function). : - - , Would you like to...? Let's.... .

, . . , (, , , . .). , , : , , . . (Hutchinson and Waters 1993, p. 31). , (. Functional syllabus, . 85; Threshold level, . 70).

- . , . , - , . . (., : - 1987), , .

 

2.4. Types of syllabus

 

Type of syllabus

 

. , . , (. Method, . 21; Approach, . 20) , , , .

, , . product-oriented syllabus. , , , , , , . - , , , .

, , , . , , (process-oriented syllabus). (. Community language learning, . 49) , , , , , .

(Richards and Rodgers 1991; Hutchinson and Waters 1993; Nunan 1994; Dubin and Olshtain 1996) , , , . , , ; , (. Task, . 123), .

, , . (mixed syllabus, multi-strand syllabus; Ur 1996, p. 178). . : , . , , (Hutchinson and Waters 1993, p. 37).

:

: a priori syllabus, a posteriori syllabus, negotiated syllabus;

: learning-centred syllabus, skills-centred syllabus;

: structural / grammatical / language-centred syllabus, content-based (topic-based / theme-based, situational syllabus), functional-notional syllabus, lexical syllabus, task-based / procedural syllabus.

 

Apriori syllabus vs. Aposteriori syllabus

 

a priori , . . a posteriori, , . . a posteriori (retrospective syllabus).

 

Negotiated syllabus

 

- , . , , , : , ; , ; .

, , , . , , (Nunan and Lamb 1996, pp. 9-10).

 

Learning-centred syllabus

, , . - (. Learner-centred approach, . 31) learning-centred (Hutchinson and Waters 1993, p. 72). , , , , , .

, , , , , ( ) .

, , , . , .

 

Skills-centred syllabus

 

, , . , .

, . (. Study skills, . 94), (English for Academic Purposes EAP), .

(Business English) , , , (business negotiation skills). (Teacher Training Course) (teaching skills).

, (. Product-oriented approach, . 33). , , .

Content-based syllabus

. , , . , , , . - , , , , . :

situational syllabus , , ;

topic-based syllabus / theme-based syllabus , , .

(. Situational language teaching, . 43). , , , , .

, - . -, , .

 

Functional syllabus / Notional-functional syllabus (NFS)

 

(-) (. Functional approach, . 81). (functions) (notions), .

(. Structural syllabus, . 86), , , (, , . .), , , . , , : Could you. Will you...? .

, . : (general notions) (specific notions). , , , . . . , : Food and Drink, House and Home, Clothes and Fashion . . Is there a drugstore near here?, . , drugstore , near here (Odlin 1994, . 322). , - , (. Threshold level, . 70).

 

Lexical syllabus

 

(. Lexical approach, . 36), , . (Willis 1990) , , , .

, , - , , should, would, have written . ., , .

 





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