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, , - , ( , 639-- ), . , . , . , , , , , 90- [25]. , . , , , , . , , homo sovieticus, , [26]. , . - - , : . , , , .

: , , . , , - , , ; - - , ; . , . , : , , 30- . . -, ; 1929 , , , , , . -, (. , , ). , - , [27]. , , ( , , - ), . . , , , . , , , , .

-, , , , , . , ( ) . - - 80- . - , , ( ) [28]. ( , 80- - , ) - , . , , . , ( XVIII XX .) [29]. , , , . , , : , ; , , - . : , , , .

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. . .

1. , .. , . - , , . 1954 : Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed. Trotsky: 1879-1921. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1954.

2. , -- , - Michael David-Fox, Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918-1929 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), - - , 20- , . ., : Samuel Harper, Civic Training in Soviet Russia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1928); Samuel Harper, Making Bolsheviks (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1931), : George S. Counts, Dare the School Build a New Social Order? (New York: Day, 1932). , - 1926 , 1928 : Rene Fulop-Miller, The Mind and Face of Bolshevism: An Examination of Cultural Life in Soviet Russia (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1928).

3. E. H. Carr. A History of Soviet Russia, 9 vols. (New York: MacMillan. 1950-1969). Kappa, : Jonathan Haslam, The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr, 1892-1982 (London: Verso, 1999).

4. - . : , // : . . . 2000. .5-47. .: Stephen Kotkin,1991 and the Russian Revolution: Sources. Conceptual Categories. Analytical Frameworks, Journal of Modern History 70: 2 (1998). P.384-426; : Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed. Stalinism:

New Directions (London and New York: Routledge, 2000). 70-80- (vff. ) : .. . , 1998, - (Gabor T.Rittersporn); .: Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2: 1 (Winter 2001).

5. Eric Hobsbawm. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984).

6. , : . .: Amir Weiner, Saving Private Ivan: From What, When, and How?. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1: 2 (Spring 2000). P.305-336.

7. , , - ., : Richard Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1993). , , : Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy:

A History of Socialism in Russia. 1917-1991 (New York: Free Press, 1994). , - Ronald Grigor Suny, Toward a Social History of the October Revolution, American Historical Review 88 (1983). P.31-52.

8. .: Peter Holquist, A Russian Vendee: The Practice of Politics in the Don 'Countryside. 1917-1921, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University. 1995; Making War. Forging Revolution: Political Practices in the Don Territory during Russia's Deluge, 1914-1921, - , . - - : Claudio Sergio Ingerflom. ed.. Le siecle des communismes (Paris: Les editions de 1'Atelier, 2000). P.123-143.

9. . (1914-1921) : // : XXI . 1998. 11/12. .26-54. . : Peter Holquist and David Hoffmann, Sculpting the Masses: the Modern Social State in Russia, 1914-1941 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ). , .

10. ., : . XVII-XVIII : // : . . , 2000. .48-79.

11. .: Peter Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920: The Defeat of the Whites (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), , ; : Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), - , .

12. Alfred Rieber, Stalin and the French Communist Party, 1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962); : Alfred Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1982). , : Alfred Rieber, The Struggle over the Borderlands, S. Frederick Starr, ed. The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), Interest-Group Politics in the Era of the Great Reforms, Ben Ekioffet al., eds. Russia's Great Reforms, 1855-1881 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994); Russia as a Sedimentary Society, Edith Clowes et al., eds. Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).

13. Edward L. Keenan, Muscovite Political Folkways, Russian Review 46: 2 (1987). P. 157-209; Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Charles Scribner's, 1974).

14. Katerina Klark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1984); Katerina Klark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).

15. : Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917-1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971); Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992);

Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

16. .. // : . . , 2000. .121-162.

17. ., , : The Bolsheviks' Dilemma: Class, Culture and Politics in the Early Soviet Years Stalin and the Making of a New Elite : The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1992).

18. .. , , : Michael David-Fox, What is Cultural Revolution?, Russian Review 58 (April 1999). P. 181-201; : Sheila Fitzpatrick, Cultural Revolution Revisited; Michael David-Fox, Mentalite or Cultural System: A Reply to Sheila Pitzpatrick, Russian Review 58 (April 1999). p.202-209,210-211.

19. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (New York: Oxford Press, 1999).

20. David Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917-1932 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961); The Lysenko Affair (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970); Russian Psychology: A Cultural History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999).

21. - Michael David-Fox and Gyorgy

Peteri, eds. Academia in Upheaval: Origins, Transfers, and Transformations of the Communist Academic Regime in Russia and East Central Europe (Westport, CT: Bergen and Garvey, 2000).

22. . (Lenin and the Partyness of Philosophy) : David Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917-1932. P.24-44.

23. , , : Robert Lewis, Science, Nonscience, and the Cultural Revolution, Slavic Review 45 (Summer 1986). P.268-292. (Loren Graham) (Alexander Vucinich); .

24. Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR: Soviet Society in the Gorbachev Era (Berkeley: University of California, 1991); Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff, eds. Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East (Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1995). : John Scott, Behind the. Urals: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).

25. ., : Jeffrey J. Rossman, The Teikovo Cotton Workers' Strike of April 1932: Class, Gender and Identity Politics in Stalin's Russia, Russian Review 56: 1 (1997). P.44-69.

26. .: Anna Krylova, The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies, K-ritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1: 1 (Winter 2000). P. -144. . : Igal Halfin and Jochen Hellbeck, Rethinking the Stalinist Subject: Stephen Kotkin's "Magnetic Mountain" and the State of Soviet Studies, Jahrbucher "ir Geschichte Osteuropas 44: 3 (1996).

27. Stephen Kotkin. Modern Times: The Soviet Union and the Interwar Conjuncture, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2: 1 (Winter 2001).

28. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and pread of Nationalism (London: Verso. 1983). : John F. Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds. Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994); Ronald Grigor Suny and GeoffEley, eds. Becoming National: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). , Ab Imperio, .

29. Yuri Slezkine. Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994).

30. ., , : Mark von Hagen and Karen Barkey, eds. After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).

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