, - , . , 100 . . 6 , .
(/100 ) | ||
NaOH | ||
CaCl2 | 47,5 | |
NaCl | ( ) | |
KCl | 34,7 | |
Na2CO3 | 21,5 | |
NaHCO3 | 9,6 | |
CaSO4 | 0,290 | |
Ca(OH)2 | 0,185 | |
MgCO3 | 0,129 | |
CaCO3 | 0,0014 | |
Mg(OH)2 | 0,0009 | |
BaSO4 | 0,0002 | |
ZnO | 0,00016 |
. 6. .
, :
pH ( )
()
1. . . .
2. pH. pH ( ). . , , . , ( , ) > 9,5. , (. . 7). - , , . , , . , 2 . 2 , , (. . 8).
. , > 9,5 , , Duo-Vis ( ), 7 11. .
(>10,5) Poly-Plus , . . , 8 12. .
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|
3. (). (). ; . , ( ) 15%- , 4 , . . ( ) . . .
4. . , . , . , . , ( ) . ( ), , ( ) . . , .
. . , . . , H2O. H3O - (). , 556 . , :
2H2O↔ H3O+(aq) + OH(aq)
(aq) , . , . H3O . (+) , [3+]. ; , [H+] .
|
|
:
Kw = [H+][OH-]
. Kw , w . = +25C, Kw = l,0 x 1014. Kw ( Kw) (). Kw, [H+] [OH-], . - [H+] [OH-], , [+] [OH-] 1,0 10-7, 7,0. [H+] [OH-], . , [OH-] [H+], .
+(aq) -(aq) . +(aq) -(aq) , . +(aq) -(aq) .
pH = - log [H+]
pOH = - log [OH]
( ) Kw,
pKw = -log Kw = -log [H+] -log [OH]
, , = +25C:
pKw = pH + pOH
Kw = l,0 x 1014,
pKw = - log Kw = 14,
pH + pOH = 14
. 9 - .
, , . . = 2 , = 4; 100 = 4.
, Kw ( ), , -, , . .
, NaCl ( , ), Na+ OH- ( ), .. NaOH . Cl- H+ ( ), .. HCl . H+, OH-, . , . , ( ), (Na2CO3). , , ( ). , , .
OH,
HCO3 CO32 , . , , , (, ) . , , . () 0,02N H2SO4 ( ), (f) (Pm) 8,3. , . , . . 7. , HCO3, CO32, , .
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NaOH (/) | Pf (cc 0,02N H2SO4) | OH- (ppm) | |
0,0000014 | 0,000005 | 0,0017 | |
0,000014 | 0,00005 | 0,017 | |
0,00014 | 0,0005 | 0,17 | |
0,0014 | 0,005 | 1,7 | |
0,014 | 0,05 | ||
0,14 | 0,5 | ||
1,4 | |||
. 7. .
, (NaOH) . , , (. . 10). ((Pf, Mf ..) , API 13B-1, Section 8, Table 8.1, . ( ) Mf , Pf . , . , .
,
, , , . . (H+) .
, , . . . , - (OH-), .
, , .
( ) ( ) . , , . , , . . . 8 , , .
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|
HCl | |||
- | H2SO4 | ||
- | HNO3 | ||
- | H3PO4 | ||
- | H2CO3 | ||
- | H3C6H5O7 | ||
NaOH | |||
KOH | |||
- | Mg(OH)2 | ||
Na2CO3 | |||
Ca(OH)2 | |||
CaO | |||
() | NaCl | ||
KCl | |||
- | CaCl2 | ||
, | CaSO4(*2H2O) |
- . . , . , , , (1) , , (2) , . (H2CO3). (NH4OH). , HCl, , (+) . , , . H+ . , . , . . , , , . , . .
, , . , . . , . ( ), . ( ) . , . , . ; . , :
: NaCl = Na+ + Cl
(. . 6)
: Ca(OH)2 = Ca2+ + 2OH
, , ( ), ( ). , . , . , Mg2+, - ; . HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 , . , . . , .
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, () . () (.. ) . , ( ). . , (.. ). 1,0; , . , , . ( ), , .
. , (N1) (N2) (V2). :
V2 x N2 = V1 x N1
, N2:
(V2), (N2) (N1), (V1), . , . . .
, , . , , - . . , . , , . . 9 , , .
/: >8,3 | : <8,3 | Pm Pf Pom | - | |
/ | : >4,3 | : <4,3 | Mf | - |
/: >4,3 | /: <4,3 | Mf | - | |
: >3,8 | : <3,8 | -- | - | |
: <9,5 | : >9,5 | -- | - | |
: >5,4 | /: <5,4 | PHPA* | - | |
Calmagite, manver erio black T | -: Ca2+ Mg2+ | /: 2+ Mg2+ | . (0,01 m EDTA) | |
CalVer II Calcon | -: Ca2+ | /: Ca2+ | . (0,01 m EDTA) | |
- | ./: AgNO3 | - |
* PHPA
. 9. .
(m). , . , 1 m (1-) NaOH 40 NaOH 1 000 .
(). , . , 0,1 (0,1-) HCl , 1/10 3,646 . (N) (. ), () :
= /
(N). 1,0 (N) , 1 /. . 1,0 N. , 1,0 N HCl 36,5 . , 1,0 N H2SO4 49 . () , (N) :
=
(/). . 100 / 100 . (), . , , / .
, (ppm). ( ppm) , . . , , (1 000 000), , 10 000. , 26% , 260 000 ppm (26 10 000 = 260 000). , / .
(EPM). EPM . EPM , .
* | - | |||
1 m () | 1 | 1 000 | -- | 1 + 1 000 |
1 () | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
1 N () | 1 /. | -- | 1 | -- |
100 000 / | 100 000 | -- | 1 | -- |
100 000 ppm | 100 000 | 900 000 | -- | 1 000 |
. 10. .
* . , .
: 1,148 /3 1 000 3, 230 , :
)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f) /
g) ppm
h) EPM
i) NaCl H2O, (/)
- = 1 000 3 x 1,148 /3 = 1 148
= - = 1 148 - 230 = 918
a) % :
% NaCl = (230 ÷ 1 148) x 100 = 20,0%
% H2O = (918 ÷ 1 148) x 100 = 80,0%
b) % :
.. (=20C) = 0,998 /3
= (918 ÷ 0,998) = 920 3
% = (920 ÷ 1 000) x 100 = 92%
= 1 000 - 920 = 80 3
% = (80 ÷ 1 000) x 100 = 8%
c) :
: 58,44
- NaCl = (230 ÷ 58,44) = 3,94
918 , 1 (1 000 ), - 1 .
= 3,94 x (1 000 ÷ 918) = 4,287 - NaCl
d) - 1 :
c), - 3,94 NaCl 1 000 3 (1-l).
= 3,94 -/
e) - :
1, .
= 3,94 - /
f) /:
230 (230 000 ) 1 000 3 (1-1):
/ = 230 000 ÷ 1 l = 230 000 /
g) ppm 1 000 000:
ppm = (230 ÷ 1 148) x 1 000 000 = 200 350 ppm
h) EPM ppm, :
EPM = (200 350 ÷ 58,44) = 3 428 EPM
i) NaCl H2O:
NaCl ÷ H2O = (230 ÷ 918) = 0,2505