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. , . , .

. 4.6. 1, 2, , 3, 4. 2. . 5.

, , , . - .

10-3 10-4 . . , "", , . , . , , .

, . R = f(x) (. 4.7, a) (. 4.7, ). D = l

(4.51)

dR/d R = f(x) .

(4.52)

r 1 ; l ; h ; b . (4.51) (4.52) h

(4.53)

, dR/dx = const .

, . - (. 4.8, ), , , . , . 4.8, - .

. (. 4.9, ). R . R . R (R > > R p), R ,

(4.54)

R.

R = (Rp/l)x, U

(4.55)

, R Rp, . R , Ri Ux (. 4.9, ). R .

(4.56)

Ux (4.54),

(4.57)

. 4.9, a

(4.58)

(4.58) (4.57),

(4.59)

b = R/Rp ; a = Rp/R .

U b a . 4.10. a , a b <<1 ( ), U b. a , a. (4.54), 1 . 4.11, ,

(4.60)

Ux = b U U,

(4.61)

a < 0,1 b = 2/3.

(4.62)

a, .. R . . . 2. 3. , , 0 , b, b . d, . , R? , R = R R? (. 4.11, ).

. . .

(4.63)

( ) , , . .

. D R . , "", ,

(4.64)

Rp .

, "" . Rp = nD R

(4.65)

n .

, . , .

, , .





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