.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





: .

(. 5.2 5.3) , , . , . , .

. , , . .

. 5.2. : 1 ; 2 . 5.3. : 1 ; 2  

, . , , .

, . (m 2 = Z 2) 1/2 , .. w 2 = 1/2, m 2 = Z 2 , (. 5.4). ,

(5.15)

 
 

. , , , .

. 5.4.

, Z1 Z2 , , . Zl Z2 .

.

, . , . , .

, , , Z 1 Z2 2 . Z2 Z1 2 . 5.1, Z1 2 .

5.1

2 p
    9*, 15*
  11*, 12*, 15*, 21*, 22 14*, (18), 19*, 22*, 26, 28*, (30), 31, 33, 34, 35
    15*,(16)*, 17*, 19, 32 18,20,26,31,33,34,35
  22, 38 (18), 20, 21, 23, 24, 37, 39, 40
  26, 28, 44, 46 25,27,29,43,45,47
  32, 33, 34, 50, 52
  38, 40, 56, 58 37,39,41,55,57, 59
    9* 15*
  10*, 14* 18*, 22*
  15*, 16*, 17, (32) 16, 18, (20), 30, 33, 34, 35,36
  26, 44, 46 (24), 27, 28, 30, (32), 34, 45, 48
  (34), (50), 52, 54 (33), 34, (38), (51), 53
  34,38,56,58,62,64 (36), (38), (39), 40, (44), 57, 59
  50,52,68,70,74 48,49,51,56,64,69,71
  62,64,80,82,86 61,63,68,76,81,83
    26,46, (48) 28*, 33,47,49,50
  44, 50, 64, 66, 68 42,43,51,65,67
  56,58,62,82,84,86,88 57,59,60,61,83,85,87,90
  74, 76, 78, 80, 100, 102, 104 75, 77, 79, 101, 103, 105
    (34), 36, 44, 62, 64 35,44,61,63,65
  56,58,86,88,90 56,57,59,85,87,89
  66, (68), 70, 98, 100, 102, 104 (68), (69), (71), (97), (99),(101)
  78,82,110, 112, 114 79,80,81,83,109,111, 113
  44,46,74,76 57,69,77,78,79
  68,72,74,76, 104,106, 108,110,112,114 70,71,73,87,93,107,109
    86, 88, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 104,106, 134, 136, 138,140,142,146 99,101, 103,117, 123,137,139
  56,64,80,88 69,75,80,89,91, 92
  68, 70, 74, 88, 98, 106, 108, 110 (71), (73), 86, 87, 93, 94,(107),(109)
    86,88,92,100,116,124,128,130,132 84,89,91,104, 105, 111,112,125,127
  124, 128, 136, 152, 160, 164,166, 168, 170, 172 125,127,141, 147, 161, 163

. 5.1:

1. , .

2. , .

Z 2 < Z 1. , , Z 2 . Z 2 > Z 1 , .

(5.7), , ,

, (5.16)

k CK , ,

(5.17)

; b , .

b = (0,5¸0,8) t Z1.

, ,

(5.18)

J 2 = (2,5 3,5)×106/2, 1015 % , .

, , : J 2 = (4,0 ÷ 8,0)106 /2 ( ).

, .

I 1, I C2, I 3... , , I 12, I 23, . I 34, . 5.5, .

 

. 5.5. :

;

 

, b, .. :

(5.19)

az =2 p p/ Z 2. (. 5.5, ), , az, , (5.19) , . (5.5, ). az. , , , , I 12, I 23, I C2.

, , I , I 2, :

(5.20)

(5.21)

(5.20) .

J 1520% , . . -, , , , , . -, , , .

, 2,

(5.22)

(. 5.6, ). , (h b ) , h = (1,1¸1,25) h 2.

. 5.6. :

;

 

, , . : . , (. 5.6, ).

qK, (5.22) h , :

. (5.23)

, ,

. (5.24)

, , . , 23 , .

. 5060 (. 5.7, ). , . (. 5.7, ), , .

(.5.7, , ). . , (. 5.7, ), , .

 

 

. 5.7.

 

, . .

, . (. 5.7, ). , .

(. 5.7, ), (. 5.7, ), .

, (. 5.7, ), . (. 5.7, ) , , .

, , (. 5.7, , ), . : , , , .

: (. 5.8, ), , , (. 5.8, ). , , .

. 5.8. :

;

. ( ) , . - .

, .

(. . 5.7, ). , . , (. 5.8).

, , , . , . , . , , max.

, , , . (. . 5.7, ). (, ) , , , , .

h < 250 (. 5.9). b 12, b 22 h 12 . h < 160 :
b = 1,0 h = 0,5 h < 100 : b = 1,5 b = 0,75 h = 112¸132 .
h = 160¸250 (. 5.9, ) b = 1,5 h == 0,7 . 2 ³ 4 h' = 0,3 , h' = 1,0¸1,5 .

, q c, (5.18), , .. .

. 5.9. :

a ,

BZ 2 (. . 4.4) :

(5.25)

(. 5.9):

; (5.26)

(5.27)

(5.28)

qc:

(5.29)

, h £ 132 1,52 , h ³160 2,5 3 .

b'Z2 b"Z2 :

(5.30)

(5.31)

b'Z2 b''Z2
bZ2 = (b'Z2+b" Z2)/2. , (. ).

hZ 2 = h 2 0,1 b 22. (5.32)

h = 280¸355 : 2 ³ 4 , , 2 = 2 (. 5.10).

) )

. 5.10. :

;

 

. bZ2i no BZ2max (. . 4.4). , b22 h 2, , q c, BZ2max . h'm= 0,5 . b ³3,5¸4 . :

(5.33)

(5.34)

(5.35)

(. 5.10, ) h , , 1516 . , qc :

, (5.36)

bZ2H , (. . 8.10); h ' . 2 = 2 h' = 1 ¸ 2.

(5.37)

(5.38)

(5.39)

(5.40)

 

b 2= 3 ¸ 4 .

(5.40) b 2 <3 , ( ), .

(5.41)

: qCB (5.39)

(5.42)

(5.43)

. :

(5.44)

(5.45)

= h + h ¢.

:

(5.46)

(5.47)

:

(5.48)

(5.49)

(. 5.11). , bZ2min, BZ2max (. . 4.4).

, (5.50)

S 2 ,

b 2, (5.50), , . D b (. . 4.6). (. 5.2).

5.2

- , - , , 2 - , - , , 2
           

 

. 5.11.

(5.51)

Δ h . 4.6; h , 4 ;

 

(5.11) (5.13). :





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