. - . , - . - , . , .
, , , . . Xt (, ..) t (, , , ). , , t = 0, : t = 1,2, 3,.... t t+1
ΔXt=Xt+l-Xt. , Xt t, ΔXt - t+1, Xt - , ΔXt - , t+1.
X, ; :
(Xt+l/Xt-l)100(%).
- (annualized). , 1.6205 1.6510, 1 = X1 0 = 0.0305;
(X1 / X0 - 1)100 = 1.88 %.
, ? :
(1 + (X1 / X0 - 1))12 - 1 = 0.25076
25.08 %. , 1.88 % 25.08 %, 25.08% - 1.88 , (annualized).
: 1.9%; ? ,
(1 + 0.019)4 - 1 = 0.07819, 7.82 %.
, , , , (seasonality), . , , . , , ; ; , ; , , , . (.8.2), (. 13.1) (. 13.3).
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. , , . SA (seasonally adjusted) ( 13.3. , ). , .
, : -, Q - , Y - . , ; Y/Y. -Q/Q , / - .
, ( ). :