(measuring instrument) , .
, , (input signal of a measuring instrument), , - (output signal of a measuring instrument) .
, , () (measurement sequence of a measuring instrument) .
: , , .
(actual measure) - , . .
. , , .
(measuring transducer) - , , , , , . (sensor).
, , .. ( ), (primary measuring transducer), , - (detector).
, (intermediate measuring transducer).
(transmission measuring transducer) , .
, , , (measuring apparatus).
, , - (indicating measuring apparatus).
(recording measuring apparatus) - , . .
, , (second apparatus), .. , (, .).
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( , .), , , , () , (measuring system).
(system automation) , , , , . , , () .
, , , , .
(control) , . , , .
1.3.
() () . , . , , (). -
. . 1.2 .
1.2
, (. 1.3).
. 1.3.
, .
, .
. (, , , . .) .
1.4.
:
: , , . (). :
, , , .
, , . : , , , , .
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.
: , , , , , , , , . .
. , , , (), (), . .
, , , , , .
. 1.4 .
. 1.4.
1.5.
, .
, , , .
.
, , . , (error of a measurement) - .
: .
(systematic errors) : ; ; , ; () .
,
, .
- .
(random errors) . .
( ) . - (, , . .). , . , (mean error), (mean quadratic error) (standard deviation) (variance).
.
A (absolute error of a measurement) - X .
Δ=X-Xu (1.3)
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, , . ,
Δ=X-Xδ (1.4)
S (relative error of a measurement) () , :
δ=(Δ/Xu)100≈Δ/Xδ*100 (1.5)
. , , :
δn=(Δn/Xδ)*100 (1.6)
, - ( , , , . .) , . - .
, , . , , .
(variation) , , , .
:
=((X1-X2)/XN)*100 (1.7)
X1 2 - ; \ - .
(sensitivity) - .
(1.8)
= - - ; = - - .
() , . .
() :
=f(x). (1.9)
(. 1.5), 1, 2 3 .
. 1.5.
: , , , , .
(resolution) - , .
(linearity) .
(drift) - . , (, , , ), .
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(operating range) .
, .
(reproducibility) .
, , (dynamic characteristic). . . . , . , : .
= + , (1.10)
- , ; - , /.
(. 1.5), (1.10) :
= . (1.11)
(1.10), (1.11) . , , . , , , 5
, . (. 1.6).
. 1.6. : - ; -
2.
. .
( ) ( ). : (, ), - ( ) ( ). : , . , - (, , ). , , .
, , , . () (, , ) - . , , , .
, . ( ), ( ), , ( ). , - . " " . : , 0 100 ( ) .
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-90 (). () () :
T(0C) = ()-273,15.
, .
, , , , , , . , , .
. ( ) ( , ). , , . , , , , , "", .. .
2.1.
(resistance temperature) (resistance temperature detector) . .
, .
() () () Rt t :
Rt=R0(1 + αt), (2.1)
Ro - 0; α - ().
(α>0) , (α<0): . , . -200++200 .
0 +850
Rt=R0 (1 + At + Bt2), (2.2)
, - .
: 0 100 . R0 R100. Wt RT/ R0 - R0 W100 6651-94 . R0, W100, , , .
, , -90 + +180 . , , , .
Rt = -B/t,
- , .
. 2.1 . ( - 0,07+0,5 0,1+3,2 -, , ), , . , , (. 2.2).
. 2.1.
. 2.2. .
, , , , , ., , , () ( ).
. 6651-94 , , : , ( ) ( , -, ). RB - 0,1% R0. - , 1-3 , , , .
, , (. 2.3).
. 2.3.
, , "", "", "" . , .
"" "-200", : , . , , , .
. 2.4 -200, . 2.1 - -203 (50 ).
. 2.4. -200
2.1
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.1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||
.2 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
.3 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |