34. - ( ), . , - . , , . , -, , -, , . , , , , .
.
Frame relay (. , FR) OSI. Frame Relay . , FR 34,368 / ( E3). : -.
Frame Relay 1990- X.25 , FR X.25 , X.25, , FR , X.25 FR . ; , .
Frame relay (Virtual Circuits, VC) , FR- (Data Link Connection Identifier, DLCI). . (CIR) .
, , (VoIP, . .).
CIR (. Committed Information Rate) PVC Frame Relay (FR).
(ANSI T1S1) CIR , B(c) (bits committed, Committed Burst Size), B(e) (bits excess) T(c) (Committed Rate Measurement Interval). B(c) , T(c) , B(e) , T(c) , : , B(c) DE (discard eligible, CLP ATM) .
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, :
CIR=B(c)/T(c)
EIR=(B(c) + B(e))/T(c) ( )
FR- CIR, .
Frame Relay , VC (. Virtual Circuit), :
, PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit), , ;
, SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit),
36. TCP/IP.
, TCP/IP OSI, .
, OSI Internetworking . ARP STP.
TCP/IP | ||
7 | ., HTTP, RTP, FTP, DNS | |
., TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP (RIP, , OSPF, IP, ) | ||
TCP/IP IP (IP) ( , ICMP IGMP, IP, ; ARP , ) | ||
' | Ethernet, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet, SLIP, Token Ring, ATM MPLS, , T1, E1 |
.
TCP/IP :
, , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 : 3 - , 3 . , , .25 frame relay, .
IP-, 4 , , 109.26.17.100. . . IP- : . , Internet (Network Information Center, NIC), Internet. Internet NIC, .
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IP . IP- - , . IP-. IP-, . IP- , .
-, , SERV1.IBM.COM. , , , , . , DNS-, , , FTP telnet.
38. MAC .
MAC- ( . Media Access Control , Hardware Address) , . MAC-, IEEE: MAC-48, EUI-48 EUI-64. . MAC-, , MAC-, .
(, Ethernet) MAC- . , MAC- , () . MAC- (, ARP RARP IPv4 NDP IPv6).
MAC-48 ; , Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI, WiMAX . 48 , , MAC-48 248 ( 281 474 976 710 656) . IEEE, 2100 .
EUI-48 MAC-48 : MAC-48 , EUI-48 .
EUI-64 64 FireWire, IPv6 64 .
DNS .
DNS (Domain Name System) - , Internet. DNS IP- . DNS RFC 1034 1035. DNS , IP-.
DNS . - DNS- DNS-. DNS- IP-. Internet. DNS IP- DNS IP , IP-.
DNS-, , - DNS- , , DNS-. DNS- , Internet. , . - , , . IP- DNS-, .
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DNS , , ( ) . , , .
DNS Internet Network Information Center. , . ISO 3166. , :
com - (, microsoft.com);
edu - (, mit.edu);
gov - (, nsf.gov);
org - (, fidonet.org);
net - , (, nsf.net).
DNS , . , . 63 . Internet (fully qualified domain name, FQDN), .
IP .
IP- (-, . Internet Protocol Address) , IP. ; . IPv4 IP- 4 .
IPv4
4- IP- 32- . IP- (IPv4) 0 255, , , 192.168.0.1.
IPv6
6- IP- (IPv6) 128- . (. fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). (fe80::200:f8ff: fe21:67cf). .
IP- : . (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16). , - (Regional Internet Registry, RIR). IANA[1] RIR: ARIN, ; APNIC, - ; AfriNIC, ; LACNIC, ; RIPE NCC, , , . IANA, - (Local Internet Registries, LIR), .
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IP . . IP-. IP-. IP-, . , IP- , .
, , - IP-.
(INET), 90- XX (CIDR), .
IP- (, ), , .
IP- (, ), , IP- (DHCP).
IP .
N | N |
N | N |
N | N |
D
multicast |
. 3.1. I-
- . , , :
0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) 216, 224.
10, 28 - 216. 16 , 2 .
110, 28. 24 , - 8 .
1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
11110, , .
, .
A | 01.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 |
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 |
C | 192.0.1.0. | 223.255.255.0 |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
.
TCP/IP , , IP- , . , IP- 12.34.56.78 255.255.255.0 12.34.56.0/24 24 . IPv6 2001:0DB8:1:0:6C1F:A78A:3CB5:1ADD 32 (/32) 2001:0DB8::/32.
IP-. , , IP- , .
(CIDR). IP- IP-/ . .