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Academic Papers: Structure, Terminology , , . Academic Reading.

, . .. , . , : , .

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Reported Speech.

1. (said, told), .

present → past

present perfect → past perfect

past → past perfect

'I 'm going. ' He said he was going.

'She 's passed her exams.' He told me she had passed her exams.

'My father died when I was six.' She said her father had died when she was six

2. (says, asks), .

'The train will be late.' He says the train will he late.

'I come from Spain.' She says she comes from Spain.

3. . , , .

Rainforests are being destroyed. She told him that rainforests are being destroyed.

'I hate football.' I told him I hate football.

4. .

I thought she was married, but she isn't.

I didn't know he was a teacher. I thought he worked in a bank.

I forgot you were coming. Never mind. Come in.

I hoped you would ring.

5.

can → could

will → would

may → might

'She can type well.' He told me she could/can type well.

'I'll help you.' She said she 'd help me.

'I may come.' She said she might come.

.

'You should go to bed.' He told me 1 should go to bed.

'It might rain.' She said she thought it might rain.

Must can stay as must, or it can change to had to.

'I must go!' He said he must/had to go.

6. that .

He told her (that) he would be home late.

She said (that} sales were down on last year.

7. .

say ( , , ).

She said she was going. NOT *She said to me she was going.

Tell .

She told us/me/the doctor/ her husband the news.

, say tell. : explain, interrupt, demand, insist, admit, complain, warn.

, .

'I'll lend you some money.' He offered to lend me some money.

'I won't help you.' She refused to help me.

 

1. . (do/does/did).

'Why have you come here?' I asked her why she had come here.

'What time is it?' He wants to know what time it is.

'Where do you live?' She asked me where I lived.

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say.

He said,' How old are you?' He asked me how old I am.

2. , if whether.

She wants to know whether she should wear a dress.

She wants to know if she should wear a dress.

 





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