Þ 2 Þ .
D > 0 - .
:
( = )
-
i
: .
.. D > 0 Þ Þ
.
:
, (Na2SO4) .
Na2SO4 Na+ + SO42-
NaOH H2SO4
: ͻ 7.
: 3Na CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COOH NaOH
:
CH3COO- + Û CH3COOH + -
(FeCl3):
Fe3+ + Û Fe2+ + + - 1- ;
Fe2+ + Û Fe()2+ + + - 2- ;
Fe()2+ + Û Fe()3 + + - 3-
1> 2 > 3
AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3-
Ag HNO3
Ag+ + Û Ag + +.
< 7
-
KW
(AgOH): AgOH Û Ag+ + OH-
-
(1- ) Þ ( )
( ) Þ (1- )
:
Na2S Na+ + S2-
Na2S 2Na+ + S2-
NaOH H2S
:
1c.: S2- + HO Û HS- + -
2.: HS- + HO Û H2S + -
( 1) > ( 2)
w
-
1 Þ
:
N4N, bCO3, l2S3
N4N Û N4+ + -
:
N- + Û N + -
N4+ + Û N4 + +
N4+ + N- + 2 Û N4 + N
(NH4OH)=1,79×10-5 > (N) =7,9×10-10 Þ
b Þ
|
|
:
Þ :
PbCO3 + 2 Pb()2¯ + CO2
1) :
D > 0 Þ Þ = b 2 × 0;
2) ();
3) ,
N- + Û N + -
l Cl- + H+
, b 0,01 2S3.
2S3:
2S3 2+ + S32-
2S3
S32-:
1- : S32-+ Û S3-+-
1 = = 1,59×10-7
2- : S3- + 2 Û 2S3 + -
2 = = 5,9×10-13 1 > 2
b = = = 4×10-3 < 1 Þ .
OH- = b×c 0 = 4×10-3×10-2 = 4×10-5
= 14 + lg OH- =14 - 4,4 = 9,6
= nBm, .. nm() = const
:
, ;
.
25
● : Ag2CO3() Û 2Ag+(-) + CO32-(-)
() ³
() <
= = (g m+×n × ) n × (gB n-×m × ) m=
=( g m+)n ×( gB n-)m × nn × mm ×( ) n+m
- -
-
g 1
● . MgF2, , g(Mg2+) = 0,7, g(F-) = 0,96
:
MgF2 Û Mg2+ (.-) + 2F-(.-)
(MgF2) = 4×10-9 =
= /
1) ,
= gMg2+ × Mg2+ ×gF-2× F-2
(I) Þ gi Þ
Þ =const Þ =const