, (, ) ( ), .
, .. { pe=ql, l ), (. 2, ). , .
( ), : , (. 2, ). , . , , .
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α , { α } = {}/ ({ε0} {} = 13.
, (. 2, ), .. Δl. = q Δl. (q ), .
, . { ) , ( = P(, , z)) , ..
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pek ; ΔN ΔV.
n(n= ΔN/ΔV), , (1.10),
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χ = α n
( ). χ α n , [1]:
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α ,
n