, , . 10 , .
, 10 . . U. (U ), ( ),
U = U - ΔU ,
ΔU - .
ΔU , , U
ΔU = -
′ , Q′ ( , .. ) ; R , ( ).
U :
U = U -
U ( - b + = 0)
(U ) - U U + () = 0
=1, b = U , = U , = ().
, (5.1)
:
ΔU = ,
′ , Q′ ( ) , - , . - ; , , 1 ( 2) .
(5.1) :
(5.2)
.
U ( )
,
- ,
- .
105 % , - 100 % .
|
|
= ,
- ,
- ,
- %.
, , ,.. , U .,
, (5.3)
n . n . , 115 91,78 % ( 9 , .. 9 9 - 1,78 ). n
, (5.4)
(U = 10 ), %
. (5.5)
. , . . , 10´1.5% .
, , , , (%), .
, , . , , , , .