, . . , , . . . .
: ; (, ); , ( , ).
, , ( ..). , , , , , , , , ( ) .
, (), , , .
, .
, , . , ( ) .
. . . . , , .
( )
. . , . .
, .
, , . , .
( , , .).
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|
: , , , . , .
.
, , . (. ) . , (. ). - , . ( ), ( ) ( ).
37) .
, - - - . - , - - () - (). , , .. . - , - - +=C+D -: K=[C][D]./ [A][]. -, , -, , - , , . , . , -.
A+2B=C [A]=1/[B]=2[C]=3 K=[C]/[A][B]2=3/4
42.- , .
: ( ),( ,,)
- - 2 : (. ),( .)
- - -, - .
-- ., - - (=m2/(m1+m2), m1- ,m2- .-,m1+m2- -.
"Ni"- "i" - (Ni=n1/(n1+n2)), n1 n2-
|
|
-.
- -, 1 - (m=n/V; Cm=m2/(M*V))
()- - 1 (=n/V; =m2/M*V).
(N1*V1=N2*V2, N=C).
- - 1 - (=m/V). (=N*/1000)
- -, . 1000 (=m2/M*m1)
57. . ˃
. ʋ
= .
, .
Ag Cl = Ag + Cl
= (Ag) * (Cl)
: = (Ag) * (Cl) / (Ag Cl)
: = +
= () * ()
.
- ,
. :
:
-
= / ˃7
-
h= /
₃ + ₂= ₃ +
:
= /
h= / ͋7
NH₄ +H₂O= NH₄OH + H
:
=/(*)
h= /(*)
- 2 ,
NH₄ + CN + H₂O = NH₄OH = HCN
49. a (n) (N):
a =
, .
a >30% -
3% < a <30% -
a < 3% - (0,1)
(a > 30%) ,
NO3, H2SO4, MnO4, 14, 13, 1, r, HJ, - LiOH ..(I A II A ):
(a < 3%) - 2S, HCN, H2SiO3, H3BO3, 23; d- u(OH)2, Cr(OH)3), NH4OH, ()2, , NO2, Fe(CNS)3, HgCl2, Hg(CN2), CdI2, dCl2, Pb(CH3COO)2, ZnCl2, ZnI2.
(3% < a <30%) ( 224, , 2SO3, 34 .), Mg(OH)2.
, . , - , , , . . . . . , , . - . \ . . . -- , , . ( ) .
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56. . -, AgCI, . AgCI . . () : AgCI Ag+ + CI-. , , , 2 : . (), k- . . , . S , .. [Ag+][CI-]. [Ag+][CI-]. [Ag+][CI-]= =AgCI. . , - mA+ + nB-, : =[A+]m[CI-]n . . () = . : , . ; > , < , = .
49. a (n) (N):
a =
, .
a >30% -
3% < a <30% -
a < 3% - (0,1)
(a > 30%) ,
NO3, H2SO4, MnO4, 14, 13, 1, r, HJ, - LiOH ..(I A II A ):
(a < 3%) - 2S, HCN, H2SiO3, H3BO3, 23; d- u(OH)2, Cr(OH)3), NH4OH, ()2, , NO2, Fe(CNS)3, HgCl2, Hg(CN2), CdI2, dCl2, Pb(CH3COO)2, ZnCl2, ZnI2.
(3% < a <30%) ( 224, , 2SO3, 34 .), Mg(OH)2.
, . , - , , , . . . . . , , . - . \ . . . -- , , . ( ) .
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56. . -, AgCI, . AgCI . . () : AgCI Ag+ + CI-. , , , 2 : . (), k- . . , . S , .. [Ag+][CI-]. [Ag+][CI-]. [Ag+][CI-]= =AgCI. . , - mA+ + nB-, : =[A+]m[CI-]n . . () = . : , . ; > , < , = .
58
pH .
:
)
CH3COOH - + H2O ó CH3COOH + OH- pH>7
CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O ó CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-
CH3COONa + H2O ó CH2COOH + NaOH
CH3COO + HOH ó CH3 COOH +OH- ∆pH=7
K ( )
= [H2O]=
[O ]=
K=
=
-
-
h- , , .
-
H-
1=
h= =
2=h2c
1
1)
Na2CO3 + HOH ó NaHCO3 + NaOH
2)
2Na+ +CO32- +HOH ó Na+ + HCO3 -+Na+ + OH-
3) -
CO32- + HOH ó HCO3-+OH-
1=
2
Na HCO3+ HOH ó NaOH + H2CO3
Na++ HCO3 + HOH ó Na++ OH +H2CO3
HCO3+HOH ó OH+H2CO3
2=
2- .
51. , - . , . , . : 1 > 2 > 3 , , , . . , . - , . . ., ..:H 2 CO 3 , H 2 S, HCN, H 2 SiO 3 NH 4 OH.
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47, . ..
, , . . .. . (. .). ,. 100 . - : . =*,- .,- .,-., . . ( ). . ́ ́ ( ).
57. . ˃
. ʋ
=
, .
Ag Cl = Ag + Cl
= (Ag) * (Cl)
: = (Ag) * (Cl) / (Ag Cl)
: = +
= () * ()
.
- ,
. :
1)
-
= / ˃7
- : h= /
₃ + ₂= ₃ +
2) :
= /
h= / ͋7
NH₄ +H₂O= NH₄OH + H
3)
=/(*)
h= /(*)
- 2 ,
NH₄ + CN + H₂O = NH₄OH = HCN
21. s-(2,2+,2).
s- p-, : , , , .
22. , , . , , , . , , . -, , - . , -, , ; - .
- - , .
, .: . , . - . .
2 . 4 2- ; 8 . . . , 2 . . . .; . . , . , - . , . , 2 , . , .
2- .
2+ , 2,5
22- 2 22- .
53 () (fa), a=fa*c
fa- , ,
,
- , - .
f- I, .
f -
I<0,01
i
α=i-1 n-1
i=1+α(n-1), n- , ( CI n=2, Na2SO4 n=3
, I , :
P1-P/P1=i*n2/n1+n2
∆T=i*K*m
∆T=i*E*m
P=I*C*R*T
52
. .. , , , .
() (fa), a=fa*c
fa- ( ) , , .
54 , . + , EOH<E, , EOH>>E. , (). .
. , , . , . H3PO4=H++H2PO4-
α1=27%; 24- ++4- =6,34*10-8, , 42- + + 3- = 4,4*10-3,
- 34 3++43-
Pb(OH)2 OH-+PbOH+ K1=8,71*10-4 Pb(OH)+ OH-+PbOH2+, K2=1,51*10-8 (1923). -, , -, . , , .
55. . . 22 3+ + , 2 + + -. = 1,8*10-16 t=220 .(2)= 1,8*10-16 , 1, .. /, * 10-16*55,56= = =10-14 . . . . - . - . H=-lg[H+]]
, pH=-lg10-7=7,
pH<7, >7. .
pOH=-lg[OH-]
pH=pOH=7, pOH pH.
pH+pOH=14
- .
59.
NH4CI+HOH↔NH4OH+HCI
NH4++CI-+HOH↔NH4OH+H ++CI-
NH4++HOH↔NH4OH+H+ pH<7 , , . , pH<7.
, , , .
60. .) , ( )
NH4CN+HOH=NH4OH+HCN
NH4++CN+HOH=NH4OH+HCN pH≈7 NH4OH=1,8*10-5
KHCN=5,0*10-10, KNH4OH>KHCN, , - , +, .
) .
Al2S3+6HOH=2Al(OH)↓+3H2S
, , , , Al3+,Cr3+, Fe3+. . Al3+,Cr3+, Fe3+ , . 2AlCl3+3NaS+6 H2O→2Al(OH)3↓+3 H2S↑+6NaCl
2Al3++3S2-+6H2O→2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑ - , . h . . . . , .
.