, , .
. , . L , R:
L = 1 /R. (8.1)
() (). 1 (1 = 1 1).
,
, (8.2)
r ; (, l = 1 S = 12, R = r); l ( ), ; S ( ), 2.
(8.1) R (8.2),
, (8.3)
1 / r , , . c. (8.3)
. (8.4)
S = 1 2, l = 1 , L =χ.
, , 1 2 1 . 1 3 , /. , , .
l l m .
l , , 1 , , 1 , .. ( l m 1 ).
l c:
(8.5)
V , 3, 1 , 3/; , /3 (1 / = = 103 /3).
(8.5) ×2/.
. ( ) l , ( 0) . () l¥ l0.
|
|
( a = 1), . , . :
(8.6)
l¥ + l¥ ( ) :
(8.7)
u¥+ u¥ , 2/(×); F , /; F = 96485. 1 /. (8.6) , , . . () . 2.
, (8.6) . λ∞ .
λ∞ , ( 102 /) λ (. 8.1)
(8.8)
A , , ; = tg α. (8.8) ( 0,002 /) . l = f( ) λ∞ ( ).
, l . λ∞ , λ∞ , . , :
.
l ¥ , ( ) .
. , 11-
|
|
(8.9)
l , a; λ∞ , .
11-
(8.10)
( ) .
, λ∞ . (8.10)
(8.11)
.
(8.12)
,
, (8.13)
l .
f l ( l¥>l). l .
. , , .
. .
.
1. .
HCl + NaOH = H2O + NaCl
:
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- = H2O + Na+ + Cl-.
1 , . , .
. , +, , (. 8.2).
2. .
3 + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
:
CH3COOH + Na+ + OH- = CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O.
, . , -.
NaOH (. 8.3).
. 8.2.
|
. 8.3.
|