1
C: 270102; 270104; 270105; 270106; 270115 | 1-20; 41-60; 61-80; 81-100; 121-140; 141-160 |
161-180; 181-200; 221-240; 241-260; 281-300 | |
: 220201 | 1-20; 41-60; 61-80; 121-140; 141-160; 181-200; 201-220; 241-260; 281-300 |
: 220301 | 1-20; 41-60; 61-80; 121-140; 141-160; 161-180; 181-200; 201-220; 281-300 |
: 151001; 151002; 190601;190603 140401;140504 | 1-20; 41-60; 61-80; 101-120; 121-140; 141-160; 181-200; 201-220; 241-260; 281-300 |
: 260601 | 1-20; 41-60; 61-80; 121-140; 101-120; 141-160; 181-200; 201-220; 241-260; 281-300 |
: | 1-20; 21-40; 41-60; 61-80; 81-100; 101-120; 121-140; 141-160; 181-200; 221-240; 241-260; 281-300 |
: | 1-20; 21-40; 41-60; 61-80; 81-100; 121-140; 141-160; 181-260 |
[10]. : .1 (.1.1-1.9), . 2 (. 2.1-2.5), . 3 (. 3.1-3.4) ! | |
: | 1-20; 20-41; 41-60; 61-80; 181-200; 221-240; 241-260; 261-280; 281-300 |
: 140101; 140104 | 1-20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80, 81-100, 101-120, 121-140, 141-160; 161()-180(), 181-200, 201-220, 221-240, 241-260, 261-280, 281-300 |
: 130503; 130501; 130504; 130602 ( 2 ) | (. I): 1-20; 21-40; 41-60; 61-80; 81-100; 101-120; 161-180 |
, . I: 121-140; 141-160; 181-200; 221-240; 241-260 , . II [9]: 1-6 ! | |
: 130503; 130501; 130504;130602 ( ) | , . I: 1-20; 21-40; 41-60; 61-80;81-100; 101-120; 121-140; 141-160; 161-180;181-200; 201-220; 221-240; 241-260; 280-300 |
1-20 ( 2)
1. ..
.
- , , .
. - : S, 16, , , .
1) : 16S 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p4
( 3s23p4 - )
2) - .
S s p d =II
↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
+2 2.
S* s p d =IV
↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
+4
S* s p d =VI
↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
+ 6
0, (+2), +4, +6, -2.
|
|
: S+4O2-2,
S+6O3-2. : H2+1S-2.
.
2 - . . . , .
2
, | ||
Ca, Sc | , ? | |
Si, Ti | , , ? | |
P, Al | , , ? | |
, V | , , ? | |
Fe, r | (II) (II) ? | |
Fe, Cr | : FeO3 CrO3? | |
S, Se | , ? | |
C, Si | ? | |
Ge, Zr | : GeO2 ZrO2? | |
Mg, P, Al | - , , ? | |
S, Al | y : SO2 Al2O3? | |
Al, S | Al2O3 SO3? | |
Mn, Cl | , , ? | |
Ga, As | : Ga2O3 As2O3? | |
Ti, Ge | : TiO GeO? | |
Ti, Hf | , : Ti2O3 Hf2O3? | |
15 28 | , , ? | |
21 31 | , , , , , ? | |
33 23 | , , ? | |
34 74 | , , ? |
2.
21-40 ( 3)
:
Br2, HBr, KBr. .
:
Br2: . 2,8 ( 18), Δ = 2,8 2,8 = 0, , Br2 , (Br- Br).
HBr: Δ = 2,8 - 2,1 = 0,7, .. <0,7 => , (Hδ+→Brδ-). , .
|
|
KBr: Δ = 2,8 - 0,91 = 1,89, ..>1,7 => , (K-Br).
: 4s24p5,
s p
↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |
=I
-, .
Br2 :
+ →
Br Br Br Br
1s-, .
HBr.
+ →
H Br H Br
, 3. . ( 15 19).
3
, | ||
l3; HCl | ? : ) ЖCl; ) ͖l? | |
CsF, CaH2 | . , . | |
3, ͭ2 | ? | |
KCl, NH3 | - ? | |
F2, H2O | ? : ) FF; ) OH? | |
KCl, I | ? ? | |
4, lCl3 | ? | |
l(OH)3, 24 | ? π- . | |
NaCl, H2 | ? σ- . | |
HCOH, CCl4 | σ- π- ? ? | |
CH3COOH, CH4 | σ- π- ? ? | |
C2H5OH, l3 | σ- ? ? | |
NCl3, MgCl2 | SP . . | |
H2S, H2Se | ? . | |
3, 2 | ? ? | |
SiCl4, MgCl2 | SP3 . . | |
lCl3, SiCl4 | SP2 . . | |
H2O, H2S | ? . | |
KF, 2S | ? . ? | |
NaAlO2, CH3Cl | σ- π- ? ? |
3.
41-60 ( 4)
.
:
C2H6() + 3,5 O2() = 2 CO2() + 3 H2O();
= -1559,87 /. , :
CO2 () = -393,57 /
H2O() = -285,84 /
|
|
: , :
,
, , :
..
.
( 20) 4 , .
4
CO2() + 4H2() = CH4() + 2H2O() | |
Fe2O3() + 3H2() = 2Fe() + 3H2O() | |
PCl5() = PCl3() + Cl2() | |
CO() + 3H2() = CH4() + H2O() | |
C2H4() + 3O2() = 2H2O() + 2CO2() | |
2CH4() = C2H2() + 3H2() | |
C() + O2() = CO2 () | |
l2O3() + H2() = Al() + H2O() | |
N2() + 3H2() = 2NH3() | |
2CO() + O2() = 2CO2() | |
CO() + H2O() = CO2() + H2() | |
CO() + Cl2() = 2COCl2() | |
2C2H6() + 7O2() = 6H2O() + 4CO2() | |
CaO() + H2O() = 2Ca(OH)2() | |
CaCO3() = CaO() + CO2() | |
2H2O2() = 2H2O() + O2() | |
2() +4HCl() = 4HCl() + 2H2O() | |
NH4Cl() + NaOH() = NaCl() + NH3() + H2O() | |
2ZnS() + 3O2() = 2ZnO() + 2SO2() | |
2C2H2() + 5O2() = 2H2O() + 4CO2() |
4. ,
61 80 ( 5)
1.
N2() + 3H2() 2NH3(), , , 2 ?
:
V = k[N2][H2]3.
2 , 2 . . [N2]/2 [H2]/2. :
V = k[N2/2][H2/2]3 = 1/16k[N2][H2]3
2 16 .
2.
SO2() + 2H2S() 3S() + 2H2O()
, ?
: , :
V = k1[SO2][H2S]2
V = k2[H2O]2
-, : , , - , , , , SO2 H2S.
5 , , ().
5
2() + l2() 2 HCl (), , , 3 ? | |
22() + 2() 2H2 (), , , 4 ? | |
, 2() ()+2() 4 ? | |
S2, 2S2() + O2() 2S3() 2 ? | |
2() + 3N2 () 2N3()? ∆ = -92 / | |
2, 2S2() + O2() 2S3() 3 ? | |
N2() +O2 () 2NO() ? ∆ =180 /? | |
, , ? | |
() + 2() 2 () 2 ? | |
N2 () + 3g() Mg3N2() ? ∆ < 0 | |
24 + 32 22 + 22? ∆ < 0 | |
36 28, 2? | |
N2() + 6Li() 2Li3N()+ 39 / ? | |
35 75, 2? | |
Fe3O4() +4CO() 3Fe() + 4CO2() ? ∆ < 0. | |
Fe() +2HCl() FeCl2() + 2()? ∆ > 0 | |
81 30. . | |
, 30 27 ? | |
45, 2? | |
, 30 21 ? |
|
|
5.
81 100 ( 6)
, 6. , 21.
6
(C6H12O6) , 280 40 . | |
1 3 25% NaCl 0,458 . ? | |
30% NaCl 300 , 10% ? | |
300 3 0,2 . | |
6 , 25 3 2,5 l? | |
20% 1,178 . | |
30% NaOH 1,328 /3? 1 5 . . | |
3 10% HNO3 (1,054 /3) 5 2% HNO3 (1,009 /3). . | |
20,8% HNO3 1,12 /3. 4 ? | |
16% 1,149 /3. | |
10 3 20% HNO3 (1,2 /3) 100 3 30% HNO3 (1,22 /3). . | |
50% (1,5 /3) 1 3 6% (1,042 /3) | |
0,3 40 3 , 0,32 ? | |
3 0,1 13 25% (1,2 /3)? | |
HNO3, , 35 3 0,1 NaOH? | |
NaNO3 300 , 20% ? | |
300 20% 500 46% . . | |
, 247 62% 145 18%. | |
700 62% 200 . . | |
10 20% ( ) 400 . ? |
|
|
6.
101 120 ( 7)
.
2% (6126).
: 2 (Δt) :
, (1)
k- .
1,86 0,52 ( 23);
M m ;
m1 .
2% 2126 (1).
.
0, , 0 0,21= 0,21.
(1) 2%
100, , 100 + 0,06 = 100,6.
.
, 7. , 22.
7
, 16 (122211) 350 293 . . | |
25 , 2,8 200 3 0,07 . . | |
315 8,2 . , 100 36 (6126)? | |
, 100 9 (6126)? | |
5 200 , (1,45 ). . | |
, 5,4 200 , 100,078 . . | |
(122211), , (0,93 ). | |
, 5 (NH2)2CO 150 . | |
, 3,04 (1016) 100 80,7 . 80,20 . . | |
(35()3), , 100,39 . | |
, 2,25 250 3 0,279 . . | |
5% (1016) , 80,2 . | |
, 25,65 300 (-0,465 ). , 1,86 . | |
, 4,25 (1410) 100 , 15,718 . 16,65 . | |
4,86 60 0,81 . . | |
, 66,3 500 (-0,58 ). . | |
(65N2) 50 , 0,53 C? | |
2% (25). | |
((NH2)2CO) 75 , 0,465 . | |
(6126) , , 100,26 . |