, ( ) - .
, , 2 : ( ) - ( ).
( ), . . , ( ), .
. , ( - ), , , .
, , , f.().
.
, , z , ( ), .
, , +, NH4+.
(HCl, HNO3, ..) . (H3PO4, H2S ..) .
, -, .
(, NaOH ..)
. (Al(OH)3, Ba(OH)2 ..) .
, (NH4+), , .
:
1) H3PO4 + 3KOH = K3PO4 + 3H2O
f.(H3PO4) = f.(KOH)
, :
[f.(H3PO4) H3PO4] = 1/3 H3PO4 ( 1/3 );
[f.(KOH) KOH] = KOH ( ).
34 , 13 = 3 34
|
|
(31= 3) .
2) H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaHPO4 + 2H2O
f.(H3PO4) = f.(Ca(OH)2) =
, :
[f.(H3PO4) H3PO4] = H3PO4 ( 1/2 );
[f.(Ca(OH)2)Ca(OH)2] = Ca(OH)2 ( 1/2
).
34 Ca(OH)2, 12 =2 34
(12=2) Ca(OH)2.
3) Al(OH)3 + 2HCl = AlOHCl2 + 2H2O
f.(Al(OH)3) = f.(HCl)=
:
[f.(Al(OH)3)Al(OH)3] = Al(OH)3 ( 1/2
);
[f.(HCl) HCl] = HCl ( ).
Al(OH)3 HCl, 12=2 Al(OH)3 (1 2=2)HCl.
4) Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaCl2 = 3BaSO4↓ + 2AlCl3
f.(Al2(SO4)3) = f.(BaCl2) =
, :
[f.(Al2(SO4)3)Al2(SO4)3] = Al2(SO4)3 ( 1/6 );
[f.(BaCl2) BaCl2] = BaCl2 ( 1/2 ).
Al2(SO4)3 BaCl2, 16=6 Al2(SO4)3 (32=6) BaCl2.
, - (), z , , ( ) ( ) ( ) .
, :
1) 3H2S-2 + 2 HN+5 O3 = 3S0 + 2N+2 O + 4 H2O
S-2 - 2ē = S0 2 3
N+5 + 3ē = N+2 3 2
f.(H2S)= ; f.(HNO3)= .
, :
f.(H2S)H2S = H2S ( 1/2 ),
f.(HNO3)HNO3= HNO3( 1/3 ).
H2S HNO3, 32=6 H2S (23=6) HNO3.
2)5H2C2+3O4+2KMn+7O4+32S4=10C+4O2+K2SO4+ 2Mn+2SO4 +8H2O
2+3 - 2ē = 2+4 2 5
Mn+7 + 5ē = Mn+2 5 2
f.(H2C2O4)= ; f.(KMnO4) = .
, :
f.(H2C2O4)H2C2O4= H2C2O4 ( 1/2 );
f.(KMnO4)KMnO4 = KMnO4 ( 1/5 ).
H2C2O4 KMnO4, 52=10 H2C2O4 (25=10) KMnO4.
3) 20 + 2HN+5 O3 = 2C+4O2 + N2+1O + H2O
0 - 4ē = +4 4 2
2N+5 + 8ē = 2N+1 8 1
f.()= ; f.(HNO3)= .
, :
|
|
f.()= ( ¼ );
f.(HNO3)HNO3= HNO3 ( 1/4 ).
HNO3 21=2 (21=2) HNO3.
( ) 1:1. , . .