1
, , 1 , 1 .
.
Dx×Dpx ³ ħ/2; Dpx ,
Dpx = m×DVx, m , DVx .
Dx*mDVx ³ ħ/2, DVx ³ ħ/2mDx.
,
DVx1 ³ 1,05×10-34/2×10-12 = 0,525×10-22 (/c) ;
DVx, ³ 1,05×10-34/2×10-6×9,11×10-31 = 58 (/c) ;
DVx, ³ 1,05×10-34/2×10-6×1,67×10-27 = 3,2×10-2 (/) .
2
, , hν/c, , , r, φ. , .
, , , ( ).
= (1+r)cos2φ,
;
=1/2 (1- r) sin 2 φ.
N , , 1 , (Nhν/cScosφ), S - . Nhν = , 1 = Scosφ·i i , . 1 2 = ru Scosφ·i′, i′,- . , 1
p2 1 = - S(i - ri′)cos φ.
, , . F, ,
F = 1 = S(i - ri′)cos φ,
f, ,
f = (i - ri′) cos φ.
,
, .
, , , . , θ θ + dθ,
(1/2 π)dΩ = sin θdθ,
|
|
dΩ = 2 π sin θ d θ.
. ( 0 p)
ò cos θ sin θ d θ = ½ × hv/c
,
2 = NcScosφ ½ × hv/cn = ½ Scosφn,,
n . ƒ, ,
ƒ = (p1 - p2)/S = u (i (1/2)n) cosj
n , .
3
?
?
?
, ?
.
, .. , , .
- , .
, ( ).
, . , , . , , , . .
4
, 250 .
() , : E = hν = hc/λ;
h - , n - , - , l - .
, , hc/λ >
lmax , λ = hc/.
lmax λ = = 292. 109
- (4,25 )
1 = 1,6 10-19 .
l = lmax .
( ) hc/λ = + Wk, max,
Wk, max - . , Wk, max = mev2 max/2,
me - , vmax - ,
mev2 max/2 = hc/λ - . vmax = 1/2 ((2/me)((hc/λ) - ))
|
|
= == = / c.
;5
9 ( 2, 4, 4)
- , . , .
, - . . , .
, () . , , .
. . - .
;6
33 ( 2, 4, 4)
. . 2- , , . . , , . . , ( - ). , .
.
:
.
, , , . , ( ) . 3 :
) 2- ;
) ;
) .
, , ( ), ( ).
S1, - S2.
.
, - .
- .
11. .
1
Na l NaCl, , NaCl .
.
(Na) = 22,9 /, (Cl) = 35,4 /, (NaCl) = 58,3 /. , 1 3 NaCl r, : r X ; 58,3 () NA . - ( 1 3). : Vmax = 1/. :
, . L0 ΔΤ
ΔL = α L0 ΔΤ,
α () , L0 .
Δd = d = α ΔΤ d = α ΔΤ
α = 33,9.10-6 -1, ΔΤ = 100 . Δd = 1,3. 10-12 .
2
. .
.
|
|
QT . QP = CVΔT + pΔV, CV = 1,5 R . pΔV = RΔT = - . QP = 2,5 RΔT. QT = QP, = 0,4 QP = 0,4 . / = 2,5
, V , P,V ,. . (min) (max) . , . ( ,V). , . .
. 1
.
, , (, , ). V() (), . . , .
1. (1-2) V = αT2. (1)
(). :
V = R; ( 2 ),
= m/M - .
V (1)
V = vRT/P; vRT/P = αT2 = vR/α = const (3)
,. (V). (2) (1)
= PV/vR; v = a(P2V2/v2R2; 2V = const =c;
= c/(V)-1/2; (4)
2. (2-3) , (2-3) V(T) .
, (2)
V = (vR/P)T; tgα = vR/P = const. (5)
C, = const.
() . (V) , V.
3. (3-4) .
() .
(V), (2), - : V = const = c3. (6)
4. (4-1) . () , .
(2): = (vR/V)T; tgα2 = vR/V = const (7)
(V) , .
. 1 (). (5) 4 , 2 3 , 1- .
, () (. 2) (V) (. 3).
.2 .3
. 1 1; 2; 3; 4, . 2 . 3 , (2).
:
Δ U = νCV T (8)
CV , , .
1-2
2 > T1 U = νCV (2 -1);
2-3:
3 > T2; U = νCV (3 -2);
3-4:
= 0, U = 0.
4 - 1:
4 > T1, U = νCV (4 - 1)
U ;
V- .
, , (V):
|
|
1-2:
= P(V)dV = c1/(V)-1/2 dV = 2(VC)-1/2IV =
= 2C((V2)-1/2-(V1)-1/2)
2-3:
= 2(V3 V2);
3-4:
= C3/V = C3lnV4V3;
4-1:
= 0; .. dV = 0.
1;2;3;4 (V):
A = A4 3 - A3 2 - A1 2 = C3 ln V3 /V4 =
= P2 (V3 - V1) - 2C ((V2)-1/2 (V1)-1/2).
. , .
, , 2- :
Q = U + A;
Q1 2 = νCv(T2 - T1) + 2C((V2)-1/2 (V1)-1/2) >0;
Q2 3 = ν Cv (T3 - T2) + P2 (V3 V2) > 0;
Q3 4 = C3 lnV4/ V3 <0; Q4 1 = ν Cv (T1 - T4) < 0:
(1-2) (2-3) (3-4) (4-1).
ε :
ε = Q/A > 1;
Q ,
.
ε = (Q12 + Q23)/A = ν CV(T3 T1)
ε =
=
1-2: =
2-3: =
3-4 = .
4-1 =
5
) , , ,V, , V,. , ( ). , , .
) .
) , ( ) .
) ( ,V).
) Q .
, , (, , ).
2 3. = Po - αV; (1)
α , .
V = νRT/P, (ν = m/M ),
= νRT/V; (2)
(V), (2) (1):
νRT/V = Po αV
T = 1/νR (-αV2+0 V) (3)
() 2 3:
() = Po α νRT/P,
ανRT = =- P2 + Po P, T = (1/ α νR) (-P2 + PoP).
. = dQ/dT > 0 γ > n > 1 (γ , n ). (dQ > 0) , , dU < 0 dT < 0. = dQ/dT < 0 .
.2
.3
.
1 2 () Q12 = Cvν(T2 - T1)
A12 = 0, ∆U12 = Cv ν(T2 - T1); Q = ∆U
2 3 Q23 = Cv ν(T3 - T2) > 0
A23 = ((p2 + p1)/2) (V3 - V1), ∆U23 = Cv ν(T3 - T2).
3 1 ()
Q31 = Cp ν(T1 - T3) < 0,
∆U31 = Cv ν(T1 - T3) < 0, A31 = 1 (V3 - V1) < 0.
= A12 + A23 - A31 = 1/2 (P2 - P1) (V3 - V1).
,
Q = Q12 + Q23 - Q31.
: h = A/Q.
6
.
.
; ;
,
.
,
, , .
;
,
;
;
;
;
;
;
; ;
;
,
;
, . :
) )
|
|
n < γ n > γ
n > 1, n < 1,
γ > 1.
,
. P(V) .
(P - Po)2 +β2(V-Vo)2 = R02, .. P = Po+ √R02- β2 (V-Vo)2.
.
(Po+√R0 2-β2(V-Vo)2 )dV = Po(V2 - V1)+
+ (1/β) √R2-U2 dU = Po(V2 - V1)+
½(U√ R0 2-U2 + R0 2 arcsin(U/R0)).
U = β(V-Vo). U β(V1 - Vo) β(V2 -Vo).
7
. , ? ? , ?
.
, , - . , , : . . , , , , .
.
n . n , . t , , Vt, V . SVt, S . , 1/2·nSV , V .
, .
60 - 80%. , 50%, .. n/2 . , , 1/4·nSV .
, , . λ (λ 3·10-5).
( ). , . , , 1 n/2, , λ
n/2 + n/2(1- λ) = n (1- λ/2).
, n λSV/4 .
nSh , n = 3·1022-3 1 3, h .
h = 10 . t = 25, V = 6000c/; n = 1018-3
τ =
1 2 nλV/4 2·1018 .
, . nλSV/4 , .. , .
, 4,53.1017 / 5,3. 1018 .
1.84. ?
:
. , (, 20 ) 330 , , , , .
1857 . . , : . ( .) , , . . 149,α.
, , , , . , .
, , , , . .,α.
, α, (α´) . . . , . , ., , .
. . , . , , .
. , . , , , .
151
m1 = 50 m2 = 60 D = 4. I , = 1,5/2. .
251
, 80, 1 2 . : .
III
(4) (3)
(1) (2) :
a (3)
; ;
.
1)
:
2)
;
;
;
a- b- . . a- 4,8 b- 0,35 . 1622 ., a- 0,05 0, 1 550 /.. 3,7.1010 ( - 1,23.104 )
,
mp,t .
, a - .
. 0,35 , .
(m m0)c2 = E; .
v = 0,8
. : Ee 2 =(m 0 c 2)2 + (pc)2.
p = me v = : .
1. : r = 1,43 A. ρ = 2,7 /3, = 27,0. N.
.
( ) V = A/ρ. V0:
.
, , V0 = 4/3 p r3. , :
,
.
, N . . .
2. , a - - , . Ÿ , , d = 2,86 . a- 7,9 /3. 55,8. .
.
, a - . , a - , , . . , a - , : 1 ( ) + 8 1/8 ( ) = 2. , a - , . , A / ρN. , d3, , d3 / 2. ,
.
1954 . :
N = 6,0236 1023.
3. NaBH4, 1947 ., , , . NaBH4 . d = 6,15 . NaBH4 1,08 /3. N.
, , . , .
: 8 1/8 ( ) + 6 ½ ( ) = 1 + 3 = 4.
: 12 ¼ ( ) + 1 ( ) = 3 + 1 = 4.
, . , ,
.
4. , t = 100 0C 1 = 4 10-7 . = 1 . N?
;
,
.
,
- , . , . . .
5. , 1 3.7 1010 a - . V = 30 m = 0,5 . = 7, 95 10-4 ( t = 270C). ; .
, ( ) ? , , 0,5 , . (), . , .
a- ( ) :
N = 3,7 1010 0,5 60 60 24 365 5,85 1017.
: PV = υRT υ = N/N.
.
6
, 3,5 . 1600 . 640 . 43 /. , .
, , - Q
q0m = Q
q ; m .
, ,
Q , ; ; T - , Tx . (1)
7
, t = 3 . L = 270 , - v = 36 /?
V , a = 45 ; V () , , V ( ). V. :
V, V,V
V 2 = V2 + V 2 - 2 V V cos a,
a = 450.
j V V :
.
b
8
. h1 = 8300 . , , h2 = 2700 . . t1 = 00 .
:
, 0 = 105 . m = 29 * 10-3 /. ; 1 = 35,3 . h2 = 2700 , .. 2 = 273 , ; 2 = 71,3 . D = p2 - 1; D = 36 .
9
. , 2 1 , t1 = -200 , t2 = + 200.
:
. . .
10
v = 360 \. , , , d = 4 , , . = 0,3 . t = C.
:
. , . . . (. 5.139 5.147). . ; = 44,77 / .
11
, 1. h1 ? , . Boeing Dreamlinear (a = 80 ) ( = 1 ).
. , 1. h1 ?
;
: 2016-11-12; !; : 938 | : 80% - .
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