.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


, ,




- . . - , - .

1923 . . . , - : + . , , , . .

- . , , , , , , . , - , : 1 + 2 2 + 1. , . , : H2O + H H3, , : NH3 + H2O NH4 + OH. " " " " H+ (). - ( ), , . HClO4 ↔ H+ + ClO4;H2O↔ H+ + OH;NH4+ ↔ H+ + NH3;H3PO4 ↔ H+ + HPO42;[Al(H2O)6]3+ ↔ H+ + [Al(H2O)5OH]2+.

- , ( ). NH3 + H+ ↔ NH4+;OH + H+ ↔ H2O;HPO42 + H+ ↔ H2PO4;[Al(H2O)5OH]2+ + H+ ↔ [Al(H2O)6]3+. - . -, , , . , .- + .HCI + NH3 GCI- + NH4+1 2 1 2 - . HA + B G A- + BH+1 2 1 2- ""/"":HA/A HB+/ -1 HA 1A. -2B 2HB+. - + + . - ! . : , , .

 

, ,

, 1 . : [2] = [+] [-] (1.5) (1.5) , . , 25

(1.6)

[H+] = [OH-] = 1×10-7 M. [OH-]

(1.7)

[+]

(1.8)

. , - , ( ) , "".

-lg[H+] = pH (1.9)
-lg[OH-] = pOH (1.10)

+ = = 14 (1.11)

() (),
:
pH=-lg[ H+ ]; -=-lg[ OH-]; + =14
/

/;
/;
α- ;
n - , .

 

 





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