, , - () (-) - .
z , .
f , ; ,
f = 1/ z.
1 ; ( ) :
= /z= *f
= /z= *f
V 1 ; :
V=VM/z =VM *f
(. , 1792). , .
Z*.
. , ( ) , . , . ( ) .
34 + NaOH = NaH2PO4 + H2O Z* = 1
34 + 2NaOH = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O Z* = 2
34 + 3NaOH = Na3PO4 + 3H2O Z* = 3
NaH2PO4 + NaOH = Na2HPO4 Z* = l
NaH2PO4 + 2NaOH = Na3PO4 +2H2O Z* = 2
NaH2PO4 + HC1 = H3PO4 + NaCl Z* = l
:
(N24) = 120 /
M(l/2 NaH2PO4) = 60/
M(l/2 NaH2PO4) = 120 /
M(l/Z* ) = ()/ ( ( ), ).
- . () ( ) :
- = + ()
+ = - ().
1 (Z* = 1), 1 (Z* =1). - Z* , .
:
2KMnO4+3H2SO4+5Na2SO3=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5Na2SO4+3H2O
Mn+7 + 5e → Mn+2 | Z* =5 | |
S+4 − 2e → S+6 | Z* =2 |
|
|
1
: . -.
:
1. , !
2. , .
. |
.
50 (1), (2), , (3), ( ) (4). .
.1, , (4). , . , . .
. 24 %- .
, ( - ). , 15-20 . , . .
, , , . , , .
, , . , .
, , .
, . .
. 1.
1
, | |||
( ), P . () | |||
, tº C |
, , , , , (. 2)..
|
|
, :
, :
2
, | , ... (h) | , 0 | ... (h) | |
12,79 | 18,65 | |||
13,62 | 19,83 | |||
14,53 | 21,07 | |||
15,48 | 22,38 | |||
16,48 | 23,76 | |||
17,54 | 25,21 |
:
1. , ?
2. , .
3. (c, , , )?
4. ?
5. (..) 159 , 79,87% (.) . , .
6. (III) () , : ) ; ) ; ) . (III) .
7 (..) , ?
8. 2,4 NaOH 2,0 . .
2
, , . .
: ) , ; ) , . , (CH3COOH) ( - CH3COONa), (NH4OH) (NH4Cl), (H2CO3) (NaHCO3). , , (NaHPO4, NaH2PO4).
. :
CH3COOH ⇔ H+ + CH3COO-
CH3COONa ⇔ CH3COO- + Na+
, , :
3COO- + Na+ + H+ + Cl- ⇔CH3COOH + Na+ + Cl-
CH3COO- + H + ⇔CH3COOH
, , - . - :
3COOH + Na+ + OH- ⇔ CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O
3COOH + OH- ⇔ CH3COO- + H2O
, .
. , . . , . :
:
. , . , , :
|
|
[CH3COO-] = [Na+] = [C] [CH3COOH] = [a]
:
:
. , , :
NH4OH ⇔ NH4+ + OH-
NH4Cl ⇔ NH4+ + Cl-
:
:
[NH4+] = [Cl-] = []
:
- . , , , ,
[NH4+] = [Cl-] = [C] [NH4OH] = []
= 14
( ), , - , . 10 . - .
10-20 , , , . , - , , . . .
2
.
. . . . . - . . . ( ). . .
:
1. C , , () !