Isaac Newton was a great English scientist. He was born in 1642 in a little village in Lincolnshire: Newton's father was a farmer and died before his son's birth. When Newton was 15, his uncle removed him from school because he wanted to make a farmer of him. But a young Isaac was a bad farmer and his uncle sent him to the University of Cambridge. After graduation from the University he became a professor of Mathematics and lectured at Cambridge for more than 30 years.In 1665 the great plague broke in England and Cambridge was closed Newton had to return home for eighteen months. It was the most important period in his life when he made his three great discoveries those of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light and of the law of gravitation. He advanced an idea that light consisted of small particles corpuscles (today the scientists call them photons). Later on he, however, came to the conclusion that light had a dual nature, namely, it was a combination of the corpuscles and the ethereal waves. Newton was also interested in the problem of what was the cause of the motion of the planets. He came to the conclusion that the force that kept the planets in the orbits round the Sun was the same force that caused objects to fall onto the ground, namely, the force of gravity. A popular legend says that he made this discovery while observing the fall of an apple from a tree in his garden. But only in 1684 Newton published his famous book the "Principia" in which he explained the movement of the planets and laid down the law of universal gravitation. This book made a great contribution to Physics and Mathematics: the publication of the "Principia" was compared to a sunrise, but Newton himself was always modest.Newton was not only theorist but a great inventor, too: he invented a mirror telescope. The demonstration of the mirror telescope made a great impression on the contemporaries and in 1672 Newton was elected a member of the Royal Scientific Society. In 1695 Newton was appointed an inspector at the Royal Mint; there he was in charge of coining new English money. In 1703 Newton was elected a President of the Royal Scientific Society. For the last time he attended its meeting in February, 1727. On March 20, the same year he died and was buried in Westminster Abbey. There is a monument to Newton in Trinity College at Cambridge with the inscription: "Newton Who Surpassed All Men of Science".
Pyotr Kapitsa
P. Kapitsa, an outstanding Soviet physicist, was born in Kronstadt in the family of a general in 1894. He graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute in 1919. Kapitsa took a great interest in physics while still at the institute.In 1921 Kapitsa was sent to England on Lenin's instructions to renew scientific contacts. He worked in the famous Cavendish Laboratory headed by Rutherford. Kapitsa was elected a member of the Royal Sociaty for his outstanding scientific work in the production of large magnetic fields.In the middle of 1930s he organized the Institute of Physical Problems near Moscow. It was here that Kapitsa concetrated his attention on the research of superlow temperatures of liquid helium and superconductivity. He showed that helium conducted heat so well becouse it flowed with remarkable ease.After the WW2 his scientific activity was directed to space research. In 1950s Kapitsa also turned his attention to ball lightning a phenomenon in which plasma exists for a much longer period than it was supposed.Kapitsa was awarded a Nobel Prize for his great contribution to world science in 1978. Today there are few names in the history of phisics that can be placed next to his.
|
|
|
Sergey Korolev
Sergey Pavlovich Korolev was the Founder of Practical Cosmonautics. Academician Korolev is a famous scientist and a founder of practical cosmonautics. He was the chief constructor of the first Earth sputniks and spaceships.Korolev was born in 1906 in the small Ukrainian town of Zhitomir into a family of teachers. He spent his childhood with his grandparents in the town of Nezhin where he studied at home with a teacher. He was interested in maths, literature and he read a great deal.In 1923 Sergey Korolev joined a Glider Pilots' Club where he learned to construct gliders and to fly them.In 1925 Korolev entered the Kiev Polytechnical Institute where he studied aviation and maths, but in the evening he had to work for money.After two years in Kiev Korolev came to Moscow and entered the Moscow Higher Technical School. During the Great Patriotic War he constructed a jet engine for aeroplanes and rockets. The first man-made sputnik of the Earth was a result of hard work of hard work of scientist Korolev.Sergey Korolev died in 1966.For his brilliant work in the name of science and progress he was awarded two Gold Stars of the Hero of Socialist Labour. People will always remember the names of those who opened a new era in the conquest of outer space, and the name of Korolev is one of them.
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison was born in 1847. He first went to school at the age of eight and a half. But after only three months his teacher called him "stupid" and he came home crying. From that time his mother taught him at home and he read science books by himself. He got a job sending telegraph messages. Then he started inventing things. At the age of 12 he had a job selling newspapers. He made money in a clever but simple way. He checked the news stories first. When the news was interesting he took a lot of papers; when it was boring he took only few.In 1877 he made a "phonograph" - the first ever sound recorder. The following year he invented the light bulb. In 1882 New York was the first city in the world with electric lights. In 1889 he made a "kinetoscope' He also made films for his new machine. In 1903 he made the world's longest film (it was ten minutes long!) After more than one thousand inventions, Edison died at the age of eighty-four. In his honour they switched off the lights all over America.
-
1. http://www.lingvo-online.ru/ru ( )
2. http://usefulenglish.ru/grammar/( )
3. http://www.ego4u.com/ (, )
4. http://studyfun.ru/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0
5. http://anglonet.ru/spisok-slov-s-perevodom-i-audioslovar-po-teme-obrazovanie-nauka-smi-upper-intermediate-advanced-skachat-besplatno-anglijskii-yazyk
- http://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/top-10-scientists.html
- http://www.english-easy.info/topics/topics_about_myself4.php#ixzz3qjx9Zg1P
- http://www.english-easy.info/topics/topics_about_myself1.php#ixzz3qjwlIHWT
- http://www.english-easy.info/topics/topics_about_myself3.php#ixzz3qjwwuwGR
