: [1] c.116-148; [2] .166-169, 195-204; [3] c.159-175
- , .
, (), (S) , - (G).
. (D) (Q), . ( ) D Q . , . D<0 Q>0. ( ) : D>0 Q<0. .
. , , . , , ( ) , , ( ). . DS (-) .
: , .. , , , .. , . , , (- ):
DG = DH - TDS,
(DH) (DS) - /.
DG : DG < 0 - ;
DG > 0 - ;
DG = 0 - .
: , . , :
+ bB = cC + dD
DH(-), DS(-), DG(-) (DH298 - , DS298 - , DG298 - ) :
|
|
DH(-) = [cDH298(C) + dDH298(D)] - [aDH298(A) +
+ bDH298(B)];
DS(-) = [cS298(C) + dS298(D)] - [aS298(A) +
+ bS298(B)];
DG(-) = [cDG298(C) + dDG298(D)] - [aDG298(A) +
+ bDG298(B)];
2. :
DG(-) = DH(-) - ҷDS(-) ( = 298 ).
DH(-) DS(-) .
DH(-) - ҷDS(-) < 0 ҷDS(-) > DH(-)
, .
.
I. 2 u(NO3) 2 () ¾ 2uO() + 4NO2() + O2()
:
DH(-) = [2DH298(CuO) + 4DH298(NO2)] -
-[2DH298(u(NO3)2] = 2(-182.1) + 4(33.5) - 2(-305.3) =
= 420.4 .
: DS(-) = [2S298(CuO) + 4S298(NO2) + S298(O2)] -
-[2S298(u(NO3)2] = 242.7 + 4240.3 + 205.0 - 2109.0 =
= 1033.6 /K = 1.034 /.
:
DG(-) = 420.4 - 2981.034 = 112.3 .
:
1. DH(-) , (Q (-) < 0), .. . .
2. (DS (-) > 0) . DS(-) ( ). .
3. DG(-) . , : > DH/DS = 420.4/1.034= = 407 , t > 134C.
II. CO() + Cl2() ¾ COCl2()
: DH(-) = DH298(COl2) - DH298(O) = -220.3 - (-110.6) = = - 109.7 .
: DS(-) = S298(COl2) - [S298(O) + S298(l2)] = 283.9- - (197.7 + 222.9) = - 136.7 /K = - 0.137 /K.
: DG(-) = -109.7 - 298(-0.137) = - 68.9 .
:
1. DH(-) , (Q (-) >0), .. . .
2. (DS (-) < 0) . DS(-) ( ). .
3. DG(-) . , :
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ҷDS(-) > DH(-) ; - 0.137 > - 109.7,
0.137 < 109.7, < 109.7/0.137 = 801 K, t < 528 C.
41 - 60
2, (DH), (DS) (DG) , . (- ; ) (DS > 0, DS < 0, DS = 0). ? ?
41. C3H6() + 2() = C38()
42. Fe3O4() + CO() = 3FeO() + CO2()
43. Cu2S() + 2O2() = 2CuO() + SO2()
44. C2H5OH() + 3O2() = 2CO2() + 3H2O()
45. C2H4() + 3O2() = 2CO2() + 2H2O()
46. C() + 32() = C4() + H2O()
47. 2CO() + O2() = 2CO2()
48. Fe2O3() + 3H2() = 2Fe() + 3H2O()
49. 4J() + 2() = 2J2() + 22O()
50. Fe2O3() + 3() = 2Fe() + 32()
51. N2() + 3H2() = 2NH3()
52. 22() + 2H2() = 26()
53. 4NH3() + 5O2() = 4NO() + 6H2O()
54. H2() + 2() = () + H2O()
55. 3N2O() + 2NH3() = 4N2() + 3H2O()
56. 4NH3() + 3O2() = 2N2() + 6H2O()
57. CO2() + 2() = CO() + 2O()
58. 2H2S() + 3O2() = 2SO2() + 22O()
59. 2H2S() + O2() = 2S() + 22O()
60. 3() + 22() = 34()