4. The high-speed ground transport will connect cities and industrial centres to airports. The first magnetic suspension train5 is not yet in operation, but its principle has found a way into technology.
VII. 4- . , :
What kind of transport will connect industrial cities to airports?
1. electric trains
2. high-speed ground transport
3. magnetic suspension trains
2
I. , - - (. ). .
1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific centre.
2. A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.
3. The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.
4. This material is unaffected by 5olar radiation.
. , it, that, one.
1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.
2. It was Einstein who came to the.conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.
3. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.
2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.
3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.
4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.
IV. , .
1. The methods we have just described are very effective.
2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.
V. , .
1. The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.
2. The Soviet Union was the first country to send man into space.
3. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.
4. The working people all over the world are uniting to fight the threat of a new war.
VI. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. magneto-heat engine -
2. inexhaustible - ,
SUN-DRIVEN ENGINE
1. It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating, this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto-heat engine1 works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.
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2. We know solar power is inexhaustible2 and its use does not harm the environment. That's why such importance is attached to the devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power, makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.
3. The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties already at 100C. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating, too. Thus solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts, it can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.
4. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.
VII. 4- . , :
Why are thermomagnetic alloys used in the production of automatic devices?
1.... they resist to acids.
2.... they resist to heat.
3.... they resist to pressure.
3
I. , - - (. ). .
1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.
2. Today plastics are being widely used instead, of metals.
3. The construction of the dam has beep completed this month.
4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.
II. , , it, that, one.
1. It is the number of electrons -within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.
2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.
3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. Some substances do not conduct heat.
2. Our plant is to increase the output of consumer goods.
3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy.
4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.
IV. , .
1. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the metro station.
2.1 think he has made a mistake in his calculations.
V. , .
1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.
2. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.
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3. The experiment to be earned out is of great importance for our research.
4. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
VI. 1- 4- . 1,2 3- .
1.project ,
2.manpower-
3.to coincide to die utmost.
4.harsh conditions-
5.to ll for-
6. to transfer to-
ECONOMICAL PROGRESS AND DEMOGRAPHY'
1. Approximately half the USSR territory is economically well developed. The nearest task is to develop the other half in a planned manner, that is, die tundra in Siberia, the Far East, the, deserts and semideserts in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Muchhas already been done in these lands. But no matter what projects1 are to be built manpower2 is always the l problem.
2. Manpower has to be invited from the more developed areas. Can the industrialized zone share a part of its manpower resources without harming its own development? Our society is vitally interested in making migration, which is necessary for developing new territories.
3. Our economy needs methods capable of making the interests of society and of separate individuals coincide to the utmost3. Large sums are spent on attracting a worker to move and to settle at a new place of work. The securing of manpower resources for the development of a new area and the establishment of a permanent population in it are the main tasks of today.
4. The need to launch projects in harsh conditions4 rails for5special attention not only to the professional aspect, but also to the physical and moral qualities of the workers. This makes it necessary to place new demands on the selection of people who want to come to new construction sites. They should be judged by their physical and intellectual abilities, the ability to perform definite functions, capability to adapt to the new conditions of life and work, their psychological features, etc.
5. These demands are fulfilled best of all when the workers are transferred to6 the projects in an organized way within production collectives, formed earlier and having work experience. BAM proved that such an approach is effective. The stability of such collectives has a favourable influence not only on the activities of the enterprises themselves, but on the entire system of regional manpower resources.
VII. 5- . , :
What is the best way of transferring workers to new projects?
1.... by teams.
2.... by separate individuals.
3.... by entire plants.
4
I. , - - (. ). .
1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.
2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.
3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.
4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.
II. , it, that, one.
1. The successes in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.
2. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.
3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.
2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.
3. The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of our national economy.
4. Soviet fabrics have acquired good reputation abroad.
IV. , .
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1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.
2. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.
V. , .
1. design new buildings is the work of an architect.
2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions-of a body.
. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.
VI. 1- 6- . 1,2 3- .
1. mechanical engineering -
2. power engineering
3. the Unified Power Grid of the USSR -
SOVIET INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
1. Heavy industry forms the basis, of the USSR's industrial complex. Its development is characterized by a high technological level of production, by the emergence of new branches, including mechanical engineering1 for nuclear power production.
2. The Soviet Union has built powerful atomic electric, stations and has designed new types of reactors which open up fine prospects in atomic power industry. The biggest proton accelerator in the USSR has been launched in Serpukhov. Extensive-work is now being carried out on designing nuclear engines to be used for transport. Much attention is being given to the application of isotopes, radiation and other results of nuclear research in medicine, industry and agriculture.
3. Soviet power engineering2 comprises high-capacity electric power station forming part of the Unified Power Grid of theUSSR.3 New electric power stations such as the Bratsk Station and the Sayan-Shushenskoye Station have been built in the country. Siberia's power system has been included in the USSR Power Grid which will be able to serve a large part of the territory of the Soviet Union.
4. Today oil, gas and coal are being produced not only in well-developed areas but also in Siberia and Kazakhstan, on Sakhalin Island and other regions where these minerals have been recently discovered.
5. The light industry is developing at a fast rate as well. Soviet fabrics, TV sets, watches and clocks and many other household goods have acquired good reputation abroad.
6. The Soviet Union holds one of the leading places in the scale of construction work. Thousands of families move into new flats every year.
VII. 6- . , :
In what branch of industry does the Soviet Union hold one of the leading places?
1.... in the light industry.
2.... in the chemical industry.
3.... in construction.
5
I. , - - (. ). .
1. Many 16-storey houses with alt modern conveniences are being built in this part of Moscow.
2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic field sand cosmic rays.
3. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.
4. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.
II. , it, that, one.
1. It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.
2. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.
3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old one's were unsatisfactory.
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III. , to be, to have, to do.
1A programme for the construction of new types of space ships is to be carried out this year.
2. Soviet people do not pay for medical treatment.
3. We had to change the design of this machine.
4. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.
IV. , .
1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.
2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radiotelescopes.
V. , .
1. The Soviet science was the first to make great contribution to die development of space technology.
2. In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.
3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.
VI. 1- 5- . 2,3 4- .
1. fundamental particle
2. emergence -
OUTLINE OF SOVIET SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS
1. The Soviet science has been concentrated lately on the most promising fundamental trends and fields, on increasing the practical effectiveness of research. The physics of fundamental particles1, the physics of the atomic nucleus, and solid state physics occupy an important place in modern science.
2. The Soviet scientists have developed large-scale commercial manufacture of artificial diamonds with properties which surpass those of natural diamonds. The finest crystallographic equipment has been developed making it possible to study the atomic structure of materials.
3. The emergence2 of quantum electronics is one of the brightest events in the history of physics. Our scientists have suggested and developed the ideas of basically new sources of electromagnetic emission quantum generators. At present, they are used in industry for cutting and welding metals, for high precision treatment of various materials including diamonds and ceramics.
4. The necessity to conduct extremely fast technical calculations, primarily in atomic technique, in aviation, rocketry and cosmonautics has led to the development of fast-acting electronic computers. Computers and other technical means of control are widely used in such fields as economics, planning and management of production. One should remember that the wide use of computers signifies a further advance in industry.
5. In recent years we have seen new vast progress in space research. At present new projects for studying the Moon and the other planets of the solar system are being developed in the Soviet Union. "Soviet spaceships," said Sergei Korolev, General Designer of the first spacerocket, systems, a founder of practical cosmonautics, "will again and again leave the shore of the Universe to reach unexplored worlds. Their every flight and return will be a memorable occasion for the Soviet people and the whole progressive mankind, a triumph of reason and progress."
VII. 5- . , :
What did Sergei Korolev say about the aims of the space programme?
1.... studying weightlessness.
2.... studying solar radiation.
3.... conquering outer space.
4
4, :
1. (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). , : , .
2. (Participle I, II). () .
3. .
.
1 ( . I)
1. Millions of Soviet people are recorded to have taken part in elections. - , .
2. We want the new car to be produced by February. - , .
3. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand. - , , .
2 ( . II)
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1. Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding. - , , .
2. Having visited Leningrad the participants of the conference went to Tashkent. - , .
3. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop. - , .
3 ( . III)
1. If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater. - , .
2. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations. - , .
3. It would be impossible
to build spaceships without
using new materials and al-
loys. .
1
I. . , (. 1).
1. We know Czechoslovakia to be the second socialist country after the USSR to begin using atomic energy for industrial purposes.
2. For a long time, special paper impregnated with paraffin was considered to be the main non-conductor used for manufacturing small capacitors ().
( 67-70)
day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.
2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.
3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.
III. . , (. 3).
1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.
2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.
3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.
IV. 1- 5- . 1, 2, 3 4-.
1. structure shaped like - ,
2. seabed -
3. per side
4. to bear a resemblance to ( )
PYRAMIDS ON MARS?
1. An examination of some of the photos of Mars sent back to Earth by the space researchers Mariner-9 and Viking-1 provokes a question: was Mars once an inhabited planet? A group of Soviet scientists from a number of organizations examined the photo sand gave their conclusions.
2. There were discovered formations which have been interpreted as "a field of quadrangular pyramids". Mariner-9 discovered formations which are geometrically correct structures. Vtking-1 photographed something resembling the ruins of Egyptian pyramids. Nine kilometres east of the "city of pyramids" the photograph shows a stone structure shaped like1 a human head, and a strange dark circle.
3. The analyses and physical modelling of the Martian formations were performed. The Martian surface was compared with that of the Moon, and the shapes of the formations were compared with those of Egyptian and Mexican pyramids.
The small Martian "pyramids" were found to resemble the recently discovered giant pyramids, lying on the seabed2 of the Bermuda Island and the pyramids, 250 m high, found in the Brazilian jungle.
4. But they are nothing in comparison to the large Martian "pyramids" measuring up to 1.5 kilometres per side3 at the base and up to one kilometre in height.
The image of the "Martian sphinx", 1.5 km long and 0.5 km wide, lies strictly along the meridian of the planet.
5. In the opinion of experts, the photographed formations are indeed pyramid-shaped, and the "oval shaped formation" bears aformal resemblance to4 a head. But all these strange figures are of natural origin.
V. 5- :
What is the origin of the strange figures seen on the photos of Mars?
4
I. . , (. 1).
1. The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.
2. We know.the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.
3. Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produce cooling.
II. . () (. 2).
( 73 74)
3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers being built in our country, we began a new chapter in the history of Arctic exploration.
III. . , (. 3).
1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.
2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.
3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.
IV. 1- 5- . 1, 2, 3 4-.
1. to go on -
2. to get down -
3. in distress -
4. a great deal -
RESCUE FROM SPACE
1. The tests of the international space search-and-rescue system COSPAS-SARSAT have been going on1 for five years. Its members are the USSR, the USA, France and Canada. Specialists believed that all these years would be spent on technically improving the system.
But somewhat unexpectedly for its makers the COSPAS-SARSAT system got down2 immediately to the fulfilment of its direct duties rescuing people in distress.3 The first stellar rescuer is known to be the Soviet satellite Kosmos-1383, equipped with a radio-electronic complex for detecting the signals of ships and aircraft.
3. Today three satellites two Soviet and one American are already in operation. The system having demonstrated excellent performance in actual distress situations, we'll continue to cooperate more widely in its application.
4. Soon there will be ten stations for receiving distress information: three in the USSR, three in the USA, and one each in Canada, France, Britain and Norway. By 1983 the COSPAS-SARSAT system had already saved 120 people.
5. Considerable attention in the Soviet space programme is paid to researches aimed at solving problems for national science and economy. A great deal4 of scientific-technical and medical-biological experiments have been carried out. Numerous data concerning the earth's national resources, the atmosphere and seasonal changes are gathered. Biological experiments with the aim of developing the technology of growing plants in space conditions are continued. These experiments and data are of practical great importance.
V. 5- :
What is the aim of biological experiments carried out in space?
6
I. . , (. 1).
1. The problem to be solved is of great importance for our research.
2. The development of science and technology is known to be the most important source of the -steady growth of the people's well-being.
3. We expect the scientific and technological progress to speed up the intensification of production.
II. . () (. 2).
1. The professor of our Institute made the report concerning the latest achievements in economics.
2. The new equipment having been installed, the plant could raise its output.
3. The scientific potential of the USSR developing successfully, the people's well-being is growing.
III. . , (. 3).
