Exercise 1. Master the active vocabulary:
developing country
developed country
low level of material being
standard of living
high average
Gross National Income
per capita
advanced economy
newly industrialized countries
Exercise 2. Read the text Developing country:
Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low level of material well being. There is no single internationally-recognized definition of developed country, and the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries, with some developing countries having high average standards of living.
Some international organizations like the World Bank use strictly numerical classifications. The World Bank considers all low- and middle- income countries as "developing". In its most recent classification, economies are divided using 2008 Gross National Income per capita. In 2008, countries with GNI per capita below US$11,905 were considered developing. Other institutions use less specific definitions.
Countries with more advanced economies than other developing nations, but which have not yet fully demonstrated the signs of a developed country, are grouped under the term newly industrialized countries.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
1.When is a term developing country used?
2.Is there a single internationally-recognized definition of developed country?
3.What may vary widely within so-called developing countries?
4.The World Bank uses strictly numeral classifications, doesnt it?
5.What GNI per capita is necessary not to be considered developing?
6.What is another term of countries with more advanced economies?
Exercise 4.Give the Russian equivalents:
Developing country, a low level of material being, a high average standard of living, the World Bank, low and middle income, Gross National Income per capita, a specific definition, a more advanced economy, newly industrialized countries.
Exercise 5. Fill in the missing words:
1. Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with
2. There is no of developed country.
3. may vary widely within so-called developing countries.
4. International organizations like the World Bank use
5. The World Bank considers all as "developing"
6. In 2008, countries below US$11,905 were considered developing.
7. Countries with more advanced economies are grouped under the term
Exercise 6. Match the words on the left with the words on the right:
1. a developing country
2. a low level of material being
3. a developed country
4. a level of development
5. vary
6. standard of living -
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7. sign
8. internationally-recognized definition
9. income
10. per capita
11. Gross National Income
12. advancedeconomy
13. newly industrialized countries
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into English:
1. - .
2. .
3. .
4. , .
5. , $11,905.
6. - .
Exercise 8. Master the active vocabulary:
Secretary General
to define
environment
United Nations Statistics Division
convention ,
designation ,
judgement ,
IMF
stage , ,
Commonwealth of Independent States
Gross domestic Product
Gross National Income
country in transition
diversification ,
integration ,
global financial system
low income
lower middle income
upper middle income
high income
preferred
Exercise 9. Read the text Definition of developed and developing states
Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations, defined a developed country as follows. "A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment." But according to the United Nations Statistics Division,
There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system.
The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
In common practice, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in northern America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. In international trade statistics, the Southern African Customs Union is also treated as a developed region and Israel as a developed country; countries emerging from the former Yugoslavia, except for Slovenia, are treated as developing countries; and countries of eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (code 172) in Europe are not included under either developed or developing regions.
According to the classification from IMF(International Monetary Fund) before April 2004, all the countries of Eastern Europe (including Central European countries which still belongs to "Eastern Europe Group" in the UN institutions) as well as the former Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) and Mongolia, were not included under either developed or developing regions, but rather were referred to as "countries in transition"; however they are now widely regarded (in the international reports) as "developing countries". In the 21st century, the original Four Asian Tigers regions (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) are considered "developed" region or areas, along with Cyprus, Israel, Malta, and Slovenia, are considered "newly developed countries".
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The IMF uses a flexible classification system that considers "(1) per capita income level, (2) export diversificationso oil exporters that have high per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) would not make the advanced classification because around 70% of its exports are oil, and (3) degree of integration into the global financial system."
The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups. Low income countries have GNI (Gross National Income) per capita of US$975 or less. Lower middle income countries have GNI per capita of US$976$3,855. Upper middle income countries have GNI per capita between US$3,856$11,905. High income countries have GNI above $11,906. The World Bank classifies all low- and middle-income countries as developing but notes, "The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status."
Exercise 10. Answer the questions:
1. How did Kofi Annan define a developed country? What was he?
2. Is there established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system?
3. The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical convenience, arent they?
4. What classification system does the IMF use?
5. How does the World Bank classify developing countries?
6. Why is the use of the term developing country convenient?
7. Does Classification by income necessarily reflect development status?
Exercise 11. Give the Russian equivalents:
Secretary General, environment, United Nations Statistics Division, Commonwealth of Independent States, IMF, Gross domestic Product, Gross National Income, global financial system, country in transition, to define, convention, diversification, integration.
Exercise 12. Give the English equivalents:
, , , , , , , , , , , .
Exercise 13. Are the statements true? If they are, answer It is right, if false, say It is wrong and give the true answer.
1. A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment according to Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations.
2. There is established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system.
3. The designations "developed" and "developing express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
4. Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in northern America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas.
5. The countries of eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States in Europe are included under developed regions.
6. The World Bank classifies countries into five income groups.
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7. Classification by income reflects development status.
Exercise 14. Fill in the missing prepositions:
1. But according the United Nations Statistics Division, There is no established convention the designation "developed" and "developing" countries or areas the United Nations system.
2. international trade statistics, the Southern African Customs Union is also treated as a developed region.
3. Countries emerging the former Yugoslavia, except Slovenia, are treated as developing countries.
4. According the classification from IMF countries Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) and Mongolia, were not included either developed or developing regions.
5. The World Bank classifies countries four income groups.
6. Classification income does not necessarily reflect development status.
Exercise 15. Substitute the Russian words for the English ones:
1. Kofi Annan, former of the United Nations, defined a developed country as follows. "A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment."
general diplomat
general secretary
general ambassador.
2. The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical .
convenience
use
appliance.
3. The uses a flexible classification system.
International Monetary Market
International Monetary Fund
International Monetary Department
4. classifies countries into four income groups.
The World Exchange
The World Stock Exchange
The World Bank.
5. The World Bank classifies all low- and middle- countries as developing.
income
loss
gain.
Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into English:
1. , , , .
2. .
3. , , , , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
Exercise 17. Master the active vocabulary:
human migration
voluntary
forced
slave trade
trafficking
ethnic cleansing
settler
perspective
outright conquest
infiltration ,
resettlement ,
Decline of the Roman Empire
population genetics
adjustment
to launch
threefold mandate
life-span
stakeholders ,
Exercise 18. Read the text Human Migration
Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate are called migrants or more specifically, emigrants, immigrants, or settlers, depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective.
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The pressures of human migrations, whether as outright conquest or by slow cultural infiltration and resettlement, have affected the grand epochs in history and in land (for example, the Decline of the Roman Empire); under the form of colonization, migration has transformed the world (such as the prehistoric and historic settlements of Australia and the Americas). Population genetics studied in traditionally settled modern populations have opened a window into the historical patterns of migrations, a technique pioneered by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza.
Forced migration has been a means of social control under authoritarian regimes yet free initiative migration is a powerful factor in social adjustment and the growth of urban populations.
In December 2003, The Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) was launched with the support of Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and several countries, with an independent 19-member Commission, a threefold mandate and a finite life-span ending December 2005. Its report, based on regional consultation meetings with stakeholders and scientific reports from leading international migration experts, was published and presented to Kofi Annan on 5 October 2005.
Different types of migration include:
1. Seasonal human migration mainly related to agriculture.
2. Rural to Urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization)
3. International migration
Exercise 19. Answer the questions:
1.What is human migration?
2. The movement of populations in modern times has continued, hasnt it?
3. Which forms of migration do you know?
4. What does involuntary migration include?
5. How are called people who migrate? What does it depend on?
5. What is forced migration?
6. What was launched with the support of Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan in December 2003?
7. Name different types of migration.
Exercise 20. Match the words on the left with the words on the right:
human migration
voluntary
forced
slave trade ,
trafficking
ethnic cleansing
settler
perspective
outright conquest
infiltration
resettlement
Decline of the Roman Empire
population genetics
adjustment ,
to launch
threefold mandate
life-span
stakeholders ,
Exercise 21. Are the statements true? If they are, answer It is right, if false, say It is wrong and give the true answer.
1. Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups.
2. The movement of populations in modern times has stopped.
3. People who migrate are called citizens of the country.
4. A technique pioneered by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza has opened a window into the historical patterns of migrations.
5. Voluntary migration has been a means of social control under authoritarian regimes.
6. There are seasonal, rural to urban and international migrations.
7.
Exercise 22. Fill in the missing words:
1. Human migration is physical movement by from one area to another.
2. The movement of in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary and involuntary migration.
3. People who migrate are called more specifically,, , or, depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective.
4. The pressures of human migrations, whether as or by and have affected the grand epochs in history and in land (for example, the Decline of the Roman Empire).
5. has been a means of social control under authoritarian regimes yet free initiative migration is a powerful factor in . and .
6. In December 2003 was launched with the support of Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and several countries.
7. Different types of migration include:, ., ..
Exercise 23. Translate the sentences into English:
1. , , a .
2. .
3. , .
4. , , , , , .
5. , , .
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6. .
7. : ; ; .
Text 1
Third World
The term 'Third World' arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned or not moving at all with either capitalism and NATO (which along with its allies represented the First World) or communism and the Soviet Union (which along with its allies represented the Second World). This definition provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on social, political, and economic divisions. Although the term continues to be used colloquially to describe the poorest countries in the world, this usage is widely disparaged since the term no longer holds any verifiable meaning after the fall of the Soviet Union deprecated the terms First World and Second World. While there is no identical contemporary replacement, common alternatives include developing world and Global South and more recently Majority World. However, there are still scholars who use this term on purpose to point out and challenge the huge gap between the poor and rich of the world
Text 2
Measure and concept of development
The development of a country is measured with statistical indexes such as income per capita (per person) (GDP), life expectancy, the rate of literacy, et cetera. The UN has developed the HDI, a compound indicator of the above statistics, to gauge the level of human development for countries where data is available.
Developing countries are in general countries which have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations, and which have, in most cases a medium to low standard of living. There is a strong correlation between low income and high population growth.
The terms utilized when discussing developing countries refer to the intent and to the constructs of those who utilize these terms. Other terms sometimes used are less developed countries (LDCs), least economically developed countries (LEDCs), "underdeveloped nations" or Third World nations, and "non-industrialized nations". Conversely, the opposite end of the spectrum is termed developed countries, most economically developed countries (MEDCs), First World nations and "industrialized nations".
To moderate the euphemistic aspect of the word developing, international organizations have started to use the term Less economically developed country (LEDCs) for the poorest nations which can in no sense be regarded as developing. That is, LEDCs are the poorest subset of LDCs. This may moderate against a belief that the standard of living across the entire developing world is the same.
The concept of the developing nation is found, under one term or another, in numerous theoretical systems having diverse orientations for example, theories of decolonization, liberation theology, Marxism, anti-imperialism, and political economy.
