A
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .
P 1 - A C, P 2 - C ,
, , .
( ). , ...
1. ∪ ∩:
) A ∪ B = B ∪ A ) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
2. ∪ ∩:
) A ∪(B ∪ C)=(A ∪ B) ∪ C ) A ∩(B ∩ C)=(A ∩ B) ∩ C
3. ∪ ∩:
) A ∪ A = A ) A ∩ A = A
4. :
) A ∪(B ∩ C)=(A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪) ) A ∩(B ∪ C)=(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩)
5. :
) A ∪(A ∩ B)= A ) A ∩(A ∪ B)= A
6. :
) A ∪ B = A ∩ B ) A ∩ B = A ∪ B
7. : ∅=Æ
A ∪∅= A A ∩∅= ∅ A ∩ A =∅
A ∪ U = U A ∩ U = A A ∪ A = U
U =∅ ∅ = U
8. :
A = A
4. [, ] ,
U A A, A ⊂ U, .
4 A A ⊂ U
, B C,
A, .. A
, A U:
) B ∩ A =∅; ) C ∩ A =∅; ) B ∪ A = U; ) C ∪ A = U.
, B = B ∩ U. ) B = B ∩(C ∪ A).
B ∩(C ∪ A) = (B ∩ C)∪(B ∩ A), ) B = (B ∩ C) ∪∅ = B ∩ C.
), ) :
C = C ∩ U = C ∩(B ∪ A) = (C ∩ B)∪(C ∩ A) = (C ∩ B)∪∅ = C ∩ B.
, , B = B ∩ C C = C ∩ B. C ∩ B = B ∩ C
( ), B = C, .3
2.1.
-
, , ..
P A × B (P ⊂ A × B), ,
P A × B,
.
.
|
|
,
. ,
, .
1. P ⊂ A × B, A={ a 1, a 2, , an }, B={ b 1, b 2, , bm }
(m, n)- () (m , n ),
ij p, i - j - , 1,
ai bj P, 0 .
, P ={(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B a > b }, A ={6,7,8}, B ={5,6,7,8,9
.
P ={(6,5), (7,5),
(7,6), (8,5), (8,6), (8,7)} .
2. P ⊂ A × B, A B ,
P
,
P.
, P ={(2,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (1,3),
(2,4)}, A ={1,2,3,4,5}, B ={1,2,3,4}
3. P ⊂ A × B, P
,
,
A
B, a
b , (a, b)∈ P. ,
P ={(a,2), (a,3), (b,1), (c,1)}, A ={ a, b, c }, B ={1, 2,
3}
4. P ⊂ A 2,
,
, a
b , (a, b)∈ P. , P ={(a, c), (c,
a), (b, a), (b, b),(a, d)}, A ={ a, b, c, d }.
24
.
P .
P
ä P ={ x |(x, y)∈Ñ y }.
P
ñ P ={ y |(x, y)∈Ñ x }.
,
, :
, , .
. ,
, :
P
P 1={(y, x) |(x, y)∈Ñ }.
P 1⊂ A × B P 2⊂ B × C
P 3= 1 2 P _ P, P 3⊂ A × C P 3={(x, y) | x ∈ A, y ∈ C z ∈ B , (x, z)∈ P 1
(z, y)∈ P 2}.
X P
P (X)={ y| (x, y)∈Ñ x ∈ X }.
P −1(Y)={ x| (x, y)∈Ñ y ∈ Y }
Y P.