NH4OH | 1.79*105 | |
2- | ()2 | 2.3*101 |
2- | ()2 | 3.0*102 |
1- | Pb(OH)2 | 9.6*102 |
2- | 3*108 |
4
, -, , ,
[H+ ] | 101 | 10 | 103 | 10 | 105 | 106 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
pH | |||||||||||||||
[-] | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 109 | 108 | 10 | 10 | 10-- | 104 | 10 | 102 | 101 | 100 |
pOH | |||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - |
5
0,1 25
, % | , % | ||
NaHSO3 | 0,0002 | CH3COONH4 | 0,5 |
NaH2PO4 | 0,0004 | KCN | 1,2 |
NaHCO3 | 0,005 | A12(S04)3 | 3,5 |
NH4C1 | 0,007 | Na2CO3 | 5,0 |
CH3COONa | 0,007 | NH4HS | 7,0 |
NaHS | 0,1 | F(3)3 | 32,0 |
Na2CO3 | 0,13 | N304 | 34,0 |
Na2HC03 | 0,13 | Al(C3COO)3 | 40,0 |
NaCIO | 0,18 | Na2S | 99,0 |
Na2B4O7 | 0,5 | (NH4)2S | 99,0 |
6
, K | |||
[Ag(NH3)2]+ | 9*108 | [Zn(CN)4]2- | 2*1017 |
[Cd(NH3)4]2+ | 8*108 | [Fe(CN)6]4- | 1*1037 |
[(NH3)6]3+ | 8*106 | [Fe(CN)6]3- | 1*1044 |
[u(N3)4]2+ | 6*1036 | [Hg(CN)4]2- | 4*1041 |
[Ni(NH3)4]2+ | 5*1014 | [Fe(CNS)6]3- | 5*103 |
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ | 2*109 | [Hg(CNS)4]2- | 1*1022 |
[Ag(CN)2]- | 4*109 | [CdCl4]2- | 9*103 |
[Cd(CN)4]2- | 1*10 -21 | [CdJ4]2- | 5*107 |
[(N)4]2- | 8* 1020 | [NgC14] 2- | 6*1017 |
[Cu(CN)4]2- | 5*1028 | [HgBr 4]2- | 2*1022 |
[Ni(CN)4]2- | 3* 1016 | [HgJ4]2- | 5*1031 |
7
( )
2.l | |||||||
Li 1.0 | Be 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | N 3.0 | 3.5 | F 4.0 | |
Na 0.9 | Mg l.2 | Al l. 5 | Si 1.8 | P 2.1 | S 2.6 | C1 3.0 | |
0.9 | Ca 1.0 | Sc l.3 | Ti l. 5 | V 1.6 | Cr l.6 | Mn l.7 | Pe l.9 Co 1.9 Ni 1.9 |
u 1.9 | Zn l.6 | Ga l.6 | Ge l.8 | As 2.0 | Se 2.4 | Br 2.8 | |
Rb 0.8 | Sr l.0 | Y 1.2 | Zr l.6 | Nb l.6 | Mo 1.8 | Tc l.9 | Ru 2.2 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 |
Ag l.9 | Cd l.7 | In 1.7 | Sn l.8 | Sb l.9 | 2.1 | J 2.5 | Xe 2.6 |
Cs 0.7 | Ba 0.9 | La-Li 1.01.2 | Hf l.3 | 1.5 | W 1.7 | Re 1.9 | Os 2.2 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 |
u 2.4 | Hg l.9 | T1 1.9 | Pb l.9 | Bi l.9 | Po 2.0 | At 2.2 | |
Fr 0.7 | Ra 0.9 | Ac-Md 1.11.2 |
8 25 ,
|
|
(Ű), | |
Li+ + = Li | - 3,045 |
+ + = | - 2,925 |
2+ + 2 = | - 2,866 |
Na+ + = Na | -2,714 |
Mg2+ + 2e = Mg | -2,363 |
l3+ + = 1 | - 1,662 |
Ti2+ + 2 = Ti | - 1,628 |
n2+ + 2 = n | - 1,180 |
Zn2+ + 2 = Zn | - 0,763 |
3+ + = | - 0,744 |
Fe2+ + 2 = Fe | -0,44 |
Cd2+ + 2 = Cd | -0,40 |
2+ + 2 = | -0,28 |
Ni2+ + 2 = Ni | -0,25 |
Sn2+ + 2e=Sn | -0,14 |
b2+ + 2e = Pb | -0,13 |
Fe3++ 3e = Fe | - 0,036 |
2H++ 2e = H2 | 0,00 |
Cu2++ 2e = Cu | 0,34 |
2+ Hg 2 +2e = 2Hg | 0,79 |
Ag+ + e = Ag | 0,80 |
Hg2+ + 2e = Hg | 0,85 |
Pt2+ + 2e = Pt | 1,20 |
A4 + 3e = A4 | 1,50 |
9
.. | |||
N2 | |||
N3 | |||
() | 33 | ||
- | |||
22O7 | |||
HI | |||
H2Si03 | |||
HMnO4 | |||
H2SO4 | |||
H2S03 | |||
H2S | |||
() | HC1 | ||
H2C03 | |||
() | H3PO4 | () | () |
() | () | () | |
() | F | ||
l | |||
l2 | |||
l3 | |||
l4 | |||
2rO4 | |||
- () | N | ||
224 |
, .
, NH4+ .
10
, | |
: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 | -: F-,Cl-, Br,- I-- |
2SO4 | SO2- : Cu,Pb- : Zn, Fe, Al, H2S : a, Mg |
NO3 | NO2 ;NO |
NO3 | : Cu,Pb, 2 : Zn, Fe, Al, NH3, NH4+, NO2 : a, Mg |
MnO4 | Mn2+ Mn2 , ; 2MnO4 |
2r2O7 | Cr3+ |
2rO4 | [Cr(OH)6]3- - |
(4) | (2) |
C Fe (3) | C Fe(2) |
i(3) | Bi0 |
J3 | I2 |
lO, (lO) | Cl2, Cl- |
(lO3) | Cl2, Cl- |
(22) | 2 |
11
|
|
, | |
2 | + |
Men+ | |
F-, Cl-, Br-, I- | : F2, C12, 2, I2 |
H2S, (No2S) | Cepa S |
, (HSO3, 2S3) | , (H2SO4) K2SO4) |
, (HNO2, NaNO2) | , (HN03, NaNO3) |
Fe2+ | F3+ |
Sn2+ | Sn4+ |
n2+ | n2 , ; (n4)2- ; |
3+ | r42- |
O2 |
12
20
r, / | |||
% (.) | / | / | |
1,005 | 0,1720 | 10,05 | |
1,012 | 0,3464 | 20,24 | |
1,027 | 0,7026 | 41,06 | |
1,041 | 1,060 | 62,48 | |
1,056 | 1,445 | 84,47 | |
1,071 | 1,831 | 107,0 | |
1,086 | 2,228 | 130,2 | |
1,100 | 2,636 | 154,1 | |
1,116 | 3,055 | 178,5 | |
1,132 | 3,485 | 203,7 | |
1,148 | 3,927 | 229,5 | |
1,164 | 4,380 | 256,0 | |
1,180 | 4,846 | 283,2 | |
1,197 | 5,325 | 311,2 |
1. Oc : / .. , .. . - .: : -, 2014. - 560 .: 60x90 1/16. () ISBN 978-5-905554-40-7, 400 .
2. . : . . / .. , .. . - 2-e ., . - .: -; .: . , 2014. - 542 .: .; 60x90 1/16. - (. .: .). () ISBN 978-5-16-004685-3
1. .. / .. , . . .: .., 2000. 429 .
2. . : / .. , .. , .. . - .: -; .: . , 2013. - 429 .: .; 60x90 1/16. - ( ). () ISBN 978-5-16-009043-6, 500 .
3. : /.., 2- . - .: -, 2015. - 256 .: 60x90 1/16. - ( : ) () ISBN 978-5-16-010066-1, 500 .
4. : / .. , .. . .: , 2005. 239 .
充. .. .. 1. 1. . 1.
2. 2. . 3. . 3. 4. 2. ..
5. 3. (NaCl) . 4. . .. 4. . 6. - . 5. - () 7. .. 6. ... .. ꅅ.
: