, 18 : , , :
mA, m ;
.
, - , - .
M(X). , .
(M(X)),
M(X) ; .
. , M(AI)=27/3=9 ∙-1. , M()=16/2=8∙-1, ()=1/1=1 -1.
.
, , .
(2) . , . , . , .
, .
()=()+()=8+(), .. , 8 ∙-1.
()=()+( )=1+( ), .. , 1 ∙-1
()=(OH-)+()=17+(), .. OH , 17 ∙-1.
()=()+( ).
1. : ) 6,02∙1021 CO2; ) 1,20∙1024 ; ) 2,00∙1023 . () ?
. , , (6,02 ∙1023). :
) 6,02∙1021, ..0,01 ; ) 1,20∙1024,.. 2 ; ) 2,00∙1023,..1/3 .
2 H2O 44; 18 16 ..., () : ) 44 /; ) 18 /; ) 16 /.
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2. () () , NH,H2S HCl.
. . (), .
1 1/3 ,1/2 1 . (N) =1/3 , (S) =1/2 , (Cl) =1 . :
(N) =1/3∙14= 4,67 /;
(S) =1/2∙32= 16 /;
(Cl) =1∙35,45= 35,45 /.
3. 7,09 2,24 (..). . ? (): 1,013∙105 (760 . .=1 ), 273 00 .
. () m1 m2 ():
, , , (3, , 3).
, , , , . .. 22,4 . Vm (2) = 22,4/2=11,2 , 5,6 .
(2) m2/m(2) V2/Vm(2), V2- , Vm(MeO) - :
(3) m ():
m () = m () + m (2),
m () = m () - m (2) =35,45- 8 = 27,45 /.
m = /,
m - , - , - ; = m ∙ =27,45∙2 = 54,9 /. ... () , /, 54,9 ...
4. H2S4 l(OH)3 , :
H2S4 + = HS4 + H2O (1)
H2S4 + g= MgS4 + H2 (2)
Al(H)3 + Cl= Al(H)2 Cl+ H2O (3)
Al(H)3 + 3NO3 = Al(N3)3 + 3H2O (4)
. ( ) , ( ) , , . () (), , ( ). , H2S4 (1) H2S4=98 /, (2) H2S4/2=49 /. Al(OH) 3 (3) Al(H)3 = 78 / (4) Al(H)3/3 =26 /.
5. , 12,16 /, 310 3 (..)?
. 2 (32 /) .. 22,4 , (8 /) 22,4/4 = 5,6 = 5600 3.
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= 12,16 ∙ 310/5600 = 0,673 .
6. 3,85 1,60 . (() ).
. : ) ; ) . .
, (1) 3:
m() = 15 /
7. ()2 , 312 1()3?
. 1()3 1/3 , .. 78/3 = 26 /. 312 1()3 312/26 =12 . ()2 ½ , .. 37 /. 12 37 / ∙ 12 = 444 .
8. .
. NA ( ). H2SO4 98,0 /. , 98/(6,02∙1023) = 1,63∙10-22.