1. ( ):
n = n = ,
N ; N A ; m ; m .
, :
n = n1+n2+...+nn =
n = ,
ni, N i, m i, mi , , , i - .
2. - ( ):
,
m ; m ; R ; n= m /m ; T .
3. , - :
) - ( : T = const;
m = const):
pV = const
:
p 1 V 1 = p 2 V 2,
p 1 V 1 ; p 2 V 2 ;
) ( : p = const, m = const):
:
V 1 T 1 ; V 2 T 2 ;
) - ( V = const,
m = const):
:
p 1 T 1 ; p 2 T 2 ;
) (m = const):
:
p 1, V 1, T 1 , ; p 2, V 2, T 2 .
4. , :
p = p 1 + p 2 +...+ pn,
p i ; n .
5. :
m i i - ; ni = m i/mi i - ; n .
6. wi i - ( ):
,
m .
7. ( ):
,
N , ; r . , .
8. - :
n á ñ,
á ñ .
9. :
á ñ = kT,
k .
10. :
á ñ = kT,
i .
11. :
p = nkT.
12. :
;
;
,
m 1 .
13. :
|
|
v .
14. :
D N (v) , v v + D v.
15. :
,
0 h h 0.
16. :
,
n 0 0 h 0.
17. :
,
< v > , < z > , s , n ( ). Z = < z > n /2.
18. , D t ( ):
,
Dr/D , D S, D = < v ><l>/3 (< v > , <l> ).
19. , D t, F ( ):
,
D v /D x , D S, h = < v ><l>r/3 .
20. , D t , ( ):
,
D /D x , D S, = < v ><l> Vr/3 .
21. (c V) (c p):
; .
22. () ( m) :
c = C m/m; C m = c m.
23. -:
C m p C m V = R.
24. :
25. :
Q = D U + A,
Q , (); D U ; A , .
26. :
;
A = p (V 2 V 1);
;
,
,
g = p / cV .
27. , :
, ;
; .
28. ... :
,
Q 1 , ; Q 2 , .
29. ... :
,
T 1 T 2 .
30. SB SA :
.
31. :
,
F , l, ; D E , D S .
32. , p, :
,
R .
33. :
,
q (q = 0 ; q = p ); R ; r ; g .
|
|
34. :
,
d .
35. -:
m= 3 R,
m ,
R .
1. m = 20 h = 5 . k , x = 10 . .
. . , . A 1, 1. 2 , h 2 .
, :
A 1 = 2. (1)
1. F 1, , : F . , , : F = kx, x .
. dx dA 1 = F 1 dx, dA 1 = kx× dx. 0 x, :
. (2)
h :
2 = mgh, (3)
g .
(1) A 1 (2) 2 (3),
,
. (4)
, k. (4) :
.
, / , (4) :
2. , m = 80 (.1), , m 1 = 100 m 2 = 200 . , ? .
. . , . : ( ) . x, , ( ) :
m 1 g T 1 = m 1 a. (1)
:
m 2 g T 2 = m 2 a. (2)
. 1.
Tr Tr , , e (e = a / r).
Tr Tr = Jz e, (3)
( ) z.
T T 1. T T 2. , (3) T T T 1 T 2, (1) (2):
.
r :
. (4)
(4) . m 1, m 2 m , . g . :
|
|
.
3. R = 1,5 m 1= 180 n = 10 -1. m 2 = 60 . , ?
. . , z, , . Lz :
Lz = Jz w = , (1)
Jz z; w .
, , Jz = J 1 + J 2, J 1 ; J 2 .
(1) :
(J 1 + J 2)w = ,
(J 1 + J 2)w = (J + J)w¢, (2)
J 1 J 2 ; J J .
z : J 1 = J = m 1 R 2. . , J 2 ( ) . ( ) J = m 2 R 2. (2) , w n (w = 2p n) w¢ (w¢= / R):
.
R 2 :
.
, n = 10 -1 = 1/6 -1, :
.
4. 20 4 27. .
. -
, (2)
V, , m. (1) R = 8,31 /(×) , m , n= m /m .
(1)
.
m = 4×10-3 , m = 0,002 /,
= 300 , V = 20 = 2×10-2 3, :
5. , , 0,795 /3.
. :
(1)
R , i m .
-:
(2)
(1) (2) :
(3)
,
= 1,013×105 , = 273 . i = 6. (3), :
V = 1,4 /(×).
6. 100 , 280 , 3 . : , ; ; , .
. - :
(T = const),
.
m = 28∙10-3 /, V 2/ V 1 = 3, m = 0,1 ,
R = 8,31 /(∙). , A = 9,13 .
|
|
∆ U = 0, T = const. , , Q = A = 9,13 .
1
- , , .
1
1.8 | 1.36 | 1.58 | 1.69 | 2.14 | 2.21 | 2.57 | 2.67 | |
1.13 | 1.24 | 1.49 | 1.76 | 2.14 | 2.37 | 2.41 | 2.74 | |
1.20 | 1.32 | 1.43 | 1.76 | 2.11 | 2.26 | 2.53 | 2.61 | |
1.2 | 1.21 | 1.46 | 1.68 | 2.6 | 2.30 | 2.57 | 2.77 | |
1.16 | 1.30 | 1.54 | 1.64 | 2.14 | 2.25 | 2.42 | 2.65 | |
1.17 | 1.35 | 1.43 | 1.72 | 2.19 | 2.21 | 2.56 | 2.66 | |
1.19 | 1.21 | 1.55 | 1.64 | 2.13 | 2.35 | 2.51 | 2.77 | |
1.4 | 1.30 | 1.50 | 1.69 | 2.11 | 2.34 | 2.46 | 2.79 | |
1.15 | 1.38 | 1.56 | 1.72 | 2.10 | 2.30 | 2.57 | 2.61 | |
1.3 | 1.29 | 1.52 | 1.61 | 2.20 | 2.24 | 2.58 | 2.80 | |
1.15 | 1.24 | 1.46 | 1.68 | 2.18 | 2.32 | 2.60 | 2.67 | |
1.8 | 1.39 | 1.58 | 1.67 | 2.20 | 2.39 | 2.53 | 2.68 | |
1.18 | 1.26 | 1.59 | 1.65 | 2.17 | 2.28 | 2.43 | 2.64 | |
1.6 | 1.32 | 1.56 | 1.76 | 2.15 | 2.27 | 2.56 | 2.77 | |
1.14 | 1.29 | 1.57 | 1.74 | 2.13 | 2.40 | 2.55 | 2.77 | |
1.5 | 1.31 | 1.59 | 1.72 | 2.7 | 2.24 | 2.49 | 2.77 | |
1.18 | 1.32 | 1.45 | 1.65 | 2.6 | 2.27 | 2.57 | 2.70 | |
1.13 | 1.25 | 1.43 | 1.67 | 2.8 | 2.28 | 2.43 | 2.61 | |
1.4 | 1.38 | 1.56 | 1.75 | 2.3 | 2.30 | 2.59 | 2.75 | |
1.17 | 1.39 | 1.55 | 1.76 | 2.11 | 2.33 | 2.48 | 2.80 | |
1.14 | 1.28 | 1.50 | 1.65 | 2.9 | 2.26 | 2.42 | 2.68 | |
1.14 | 1.31 | 1.48 | 1.75 | 2.3 | 2.34 | 2.43 | 2.65 | |
1.1 | 1.33 | 1.41 | 1.77 | 2.10 | 2.34 | 2.60 | 2.74 | |
1.18 | 1.32 | 1.42 | 1.73 | 2.6 | 2.28 | 2.59 | 2.80 | |
1.10 | 1.21 | 1.49 | 1.63 | 2.17 | 2.37 | 2.45 | 2.76 | |
1.7 | 1.26 | 1.50 | 1.67 | 2.13 | 2.25 | 2.48 | 2.66 | |
1.17 | 1.27 | 1.58 | 1.80 | 2.20 | 2.34 | 2.49 | 2.74 | |
1.18 | 1.36 | 1.42 | 1.65 | 2.14 | 2.26 | 2.43 | 2.73 | |
1.1 | 1.32 | 1.44 | 1.63 | 2.12 | 2.39 | 2.41 | 2.79 | |
1.10 | 1.33 | 1.41 | 1.67 | 2.1 | 2.37 | 2.53 | 2.64 | |
1.7 | 1.28 | 1.43 | 1.79 | 2.19 | 2.24 | 2.45 | 2.69 | |
1.5 | 1.40 | 1.56 | 1.74 | 2.17 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.80 | |
1.13 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.78 | 2.16 | 2.30 | 2.42 | 2.66 | |
1.14 | 1.38 | 1.45 | 1.64 | 2.5 | 2.38 | 2.52 | 2.75 | |
1.12 | 1.26 | 1.52 | 1.66 | 2.4 | 2.24 | 2.54 | 2.70 | |
1.11 | 1.36 | 1.42 | 1.74 | 2.17 | 2.22 | 2.49 | 2.70 | |
1.14 | 1.32 | 1.59 | 1.62 | 2.17 | 2.25 | 2.59 | 2.80 | |
1.17 | 1.29 | 1.54 | 1.76 | 2.2 | 2.37 | 2.45 | 2.68 | |
1.5 | 1.22 | 1.53 | 1.66 | 2.7 | 2.38 | 2.56 | 2.77 | |
1.5 | 1.34 | 1.51 | 1.65 | 2.12 | 2.24 | 2.44 | 2.75 |
. 1
1.1 | 1.33 | 1.51 | 1.75 | 2.5 | 2.35 | 2.58 | 2.63 | |
1.13 | 1.27 | 1.56 | 1.62 | 2.2 | 2.30 | 2.59 | 2.76 | |
1.8 | 1.25 | 1.60 | 1.63 | 2.18 | 2.33 | 2.58 | 2.61 | |
1.6 | 1.36 | 1.51 | 1.65 | 2.6 | 2.40 | 2.56 | 2.70 | |
1.13 | 1.37 | 1.41 | 1.71 | 2.18 | 2.39 | 2.48 | 2.71 | |
1.2 | 1.21 | 1.48 | 1.67 | 2.7 | 2.38 | 2.49 | 2.78 | |
1.5 | 1.23 | 1.52 | 1.77 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 2.43 | 2.76 | |
1.17 | 1.30 | 1.41 | 1.80 | 2.2 | 2.23 | 2.58 | 2.75 | |
1.10 | 1.36 | 1.45 | 1.62 | 2.9 | 2.36 | 2.59 | 2.68 | |
1.14 | 1.29 | 1.41 | 1.80 | 2.4 | 2.31 | 2.59 | 2.65 | |
1.13 | 1.22 | 1.45 | 1.65 | 2.2 | 2.24 | 2.58 | 2.62 | |
1.14 | 1.35 | 1.45 | 1.69 | 2.1 | 2.31 | 2.55 | 2.72 | |
1.14 | 1.30 | 1.41 | 1.62 | 2.9 | 2.27 | 2.57 | 2.62 | |
1.1 | 1.35 | 1.55 | 1.74 | 2.2 | 2.37 | 2.44 | 2.80 | |
1.9 | 1.38 | 1.58 | 1.61 | 2.18 | 2.32 | 2.46 | 2.78 | |
1.7 | 1.21 | 1.49 | 1.68 | 2.2 | 2.36 | 2.60 | 2.65 | |
1.4 | 1.37 | 1.46 | 1.80 | 2.4 | 2.36 | 2.54 | 2.78 | |
1.9 | 1.40 | 1.51 | 1.61 | 2.20 | 2.26 | 2.60 | 2.77 | |
1.11 | 1.38 | 1.60 | 1.79 | 2.15 | 2.37 | 2.52 | 2.73 | |
1.13 | 1.37 | 1.45 | 1.77 | 2.18 | 2.29 | 2.49 | 2.64 | |
1.17 | 1.26 | 1.54 | 1.66 | 2.7 | 2.28 | 2.58 | 2.69 | |
1.2 | 1.30 | 1.54 | 1.74 | 2.6 | 2.26 | 2.56 | 2.79 | |
1.19 | 1.36 | 1.51 | 1.73 | 2.10 | 2.29 | 2.50 | 2.64 | |
1.20 | 1.26 | 1.56 | 1.64 | 2.12 | 2.29 | 2.60 | 2.67 | |
1.18 | 1.39 | 1.60 | 1.64 | 2.10 | 2.25 | 2.41 | 2.73 | |
1.8 | 1.22 | 1.44 | 1.64 | 2.5 | 2.22 | 2.49 | 2.64 | |
1.11 | 1.27 | 1.48 | 1.65 | 2.9 | 2.40 | 2.44 | 2.76 | |
1.19 | 1.31 | 1.43 | 1.76 | 2.6 | 2.23 | 2.41 | 2.65 | |
1.6 | 1.22 | 1.50 | 1.66 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 2.42 | 2.68 | |
1.4 | 1.25 | 1.43 | 1.71 | 2.7 | 2.38 | 2.41 | 2.78 | |
1.4 | 1.40 | 1.41 | 1.77 | 2.6 | 2.37 | 2.42 | 2.71 | |
1.2 | 1.25 | 1.52 | 1.63 | 2.7 | 2.23 | 2.46 | 2.75 | |
1.20 | 1.33 | 1.41 | 1.70 | 2.4 | 2.30 | 2.58 | 2.62 | |
1.4 | 1.40 | 1.52 | 1.64 | 2.3 | 2.23 | 2.49 | 2.61 | |
1.17 | 1.37 | 1.41 | 1.66 | 2.6 | 2.40 | 2.42 | 2.68 | |
1.4 | 1.39 | 1.52 | 1.80 | 2.6 | 2.24 | 2.46 | 2.77 | |
1.20 | 1.25 | 1.44 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.33 | 2.58 | 2.76 | |
1.16 | 1.23 | 1.59 | 1.71 | 2.11 | 2.23 | 2.59 | 2.67 | |
1.6 | 1.36 | 1.49 | 1.69 | 2.15 | 2.26 | 2.45 | 2.71 | |
1.14 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 1.64 | 2.20 | 2.32 | 2.55 | 2.64 | |
1.18 | 1.40 | 1.55 | 1.73 | 2.14 | 2.40 | 2.41 | 2.76 | |
1.16 | 1.33 | 1.47 | 1.68 | 2.18 | 2.36 | 2.47 | 2.61 | |
1.11 | 1.39 | 1.50 | 1.72 | 2.18 | 2.26 | 2.48 | 2.62 | |
1.6 | 1.27 | 1.53 | 1.67 | 2.6 | 2.36 | 2.51 | 2.76 | |
1.9 | 1.22 | 1.55 | 1.61 | 2.13 | 2.21 | 2.50 | 2.70 | |
1.15 | 1.38 | 1.57 | 1.62 | 2.10 | 2.38 | 2.58 | 2.79 |
. 1
|
|
1.20 | 1.37 | 1.55 | 1.77 | 2.9 | 2.21 | 2.51 | 2.79 | |
1.8 | 1.34 | 1.52 | 1.74 | 2.14 | 2.30 | 2.43 | 2.69 | |
1.11 | 1.36 | 1.48 | 1.74 | 2.1 | 2.38 | 2.53 | 2.69 | |
1.17 | 1.33 | 1.52 | 1.62 | 2.12 | 2.34 | 2.51 | 2.65 | |
1.19 | 1.27 | 1.49 | 1.73 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 2.43 | 2.80 | |
1.5 | 1.25 | 1.48 | 1.64 | 2.17 | 2.21 | 2.50 | 2.65 | |
1.16 | 1.27 | 1.60 | 1.64 | 2.13 | 2.22 | 2.51 | 2.72 | |
1.12 | 1.21 | 1.54 | 1.76 | 2.9 | 2.31 | 2.41 | 2.75 | |
1.11 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.66 | 2.19 | 2.33 | 2.55 | 2.61 | |
1.15 | 1.33 | 1.42 | 1.77 | 2.9 | 2.21 | 2.46 | 2.69 | |
1.14 | 1.27 | 1.46 | 1.71 | 2.18 | 2.28 | 2.58 | 2.76 | |
1.9 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 1.73 | 2.2 | 2.26 | 2.45 | 2.66 | |
1.9 | 1.33 | 1.57 | 1.66 | 2.17 | 2.37 | 2.50 | 2.72 |
1.1. . l = 3 : t 1 = 2 c t 2 = 10 . , .
1.2. v 0. , t = 2 c s = 16 v = 3 v 0.
1.3. t = 5 . v = 330 /, .
1.4. , , 3 . v 0 h ? .
1.6. v 0 = 15 /c. n a t t = 1 c . .
1.7. v 0 = 10 /c a= 40 . : 1) sy ; 2) sx , 3) . .
1.8. v 0 . t = 2,2 c. h .
1.9. a . , h = 1/4 s (s ). , . .
1.10. R = 30 t = 5 /2. t = 3 .
1.11. , v = 10 /
s = 8,0 ?
1.12. 5,0 . t = 1 ,
F = 50 H, a = 60 ? m = 0,10.
1.13. , a = 45. s = 36,4 , v = 2 /. ?
1.14. a , 30, . , m = 0,15.
1.15. , , , 25% . ?
1.16. m 1=0,8 m 2= 1,5 , , , a = 15 b = 30. m =0,1. , , .
1.17. m 1 = m 2 =1 , . 1 , a = 30, 2 . , . , , m = 0,1.
1.18. m 1= 4,0 m 2= 1,0 , , , . , a = 60 b = 30, m = 0,20.
1.19. m 1= 2 m 2= 1 , . : 1) , ; 2) . .
1.20. , , , m 1= 0,5 m 2= 0,6 . ? .
1.21. , , . D F = 9,8 H. .
1.22. , l = 50 , . j , n = 1 c-1?
1.23. , l = 50 , . T , j = 60 .
1.24. , l = 0,5 , . a = 30. .
1.25. M v. .
1.26. 3 . , , .
1.27. , .. , , ( ).
1.28. h = 3,6 . v . R g .
1.29. T 2 . , , h .
1.30. , , , 1 , 106 .
1.31. , J = 150 ×2, n = 240 /. t = 1 , , . : 1) ; 2) .
1.32. n 0 , J 120 ×2, 240 /. t =p . , .
1.33. R = 50 , m = 6,4 . = 2 /2. : 1) J ; 2) m .
1.34. R = 10 , m = 0,5 . , = 1,0 /2.
1.35. m = 10 R = 10 , , 6 -1. t = 5 . .
1.36. R = 20 , J = 0,15 ×2, , m = 0,5 . h = 2,3 . : 1) ; 2) .
1.37. m = 0,2 , m 1= 0,35 m 2 = 0,55 . , : 1) ; 2) 2/ 1 .
1.38. , , . m 1= 100 m 2= 110 . C , m 400 ? .
1.39. m 1= 0,25 m 2= 0,15 , . , m. 1 2 ? 0,2. m 0,1 . .
1.40. m 1= 0,25 , m 2= 0,2 , . m = 0,15 . . 0,2. , : 1) , ; 2) 1 2 .
1.41. , , , . .
1.42. R = 30 m = 3 l = 5 a= 25. , v 4,6 /.
1.43. 30. 1,5 , ?
1.44. , , 30, 7,0 /, ?
1.45. m = 10 , ,
F = 30 . t = 4 .
1.46. l = 1 , . y = 60 . v .
1.47. e = 0,4 -2. t = 25 , t 1= 10 L 1 60 .2/.
1.48. m = 25
R = 0,8 n 1= 18 -1. . , , J 1 = 3,5 ×2 J 2 = 1 ×2.
1.49. l = 2,4 m = 8 , ? n 1 = 1 -1. n 2 , ? J 6 ×2.
1.50. , , . , 3 . , , , .
1.51. , 200 1,0.104 60 , 80%.
1.52. ,
m = 50 a = 30 s = 4 , t = 2 , m = 0,06.
1.53. m = 0,4 h = 10 l = 1 , . m = 0,04. : 1) ; 2) , .
1.54. m = 200 a= 45. .
1.55. m = 300 l = 1 . , , . .
1.56. m . , ?
1.57. m . , ?
1.58. h ,
R = h /2. , ( ).
1.59. , h, , R = 6 , .
1.60. , l =1 , v = 6 /. , . ?
1.61. m 1 = m 2= 4,0 , v 1 = 3,0 / v 2 = 8,0 /, ?
1.62. m 1 = 3 v 1 = 2 / . , , .
1.63. m = 15 , , l = 1 = 1,5 . j= 30. .
1.64. m = 15 , v = 200 /, l = 1 = 1,5 . j .
1.65. 0,50 , . , m = 20 v = 10 /? = 200 .
1.66. m = 10 , v = 600 /, = 5 . h ?
1.67. m = 15 , , l = 1 = 1,5 . j= 30. .
1.68. m = 15 , v = 200 /, l = 1 = 1,5 . j .
1.69. m 1= 10 m 2= 15 l = 2 . , j= 60 . h, . .
1.70. m 1= 0,20 m 2= 0,80 2,0 . 90 . , ? ?
1.71. , D l = 16 , n 1= 10 , n 2 = 6 . l 1 l 2.
1.72. m = 200 , , n= 5,0 . .
1.73. l = 50 , , d = 12,5 . .
1.74. R = 20 , l = 15 . .
1.75. , , ? 24 , .
1.76. . ?
1.77. . 2 , 50 , . , 25 .
1.78. ,