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1. .




 

 

1. .

1. 8 , = 0,1. , , .

( ) .

X n 0,1,2,, n. . , . , , . (1- ).

P (X =0) = (1- )n.

(n -1)

(1- )n.

n , .

P (X =1) = n (1- )n.

(n 2). n2 n 2, 2(1- )n-2.

P (X =2) = n2 2 (1- )n-2.

P (X =k) = nk 2 (1- )n-k. (1)

,

nk = n!/(k!(n-k)!).

. : n = 8, = 0,1

P (X =0) = (1-0,1)8 = 0,430;

P (X =1) = 8∙0,1∙(1-0,1)7 = 0,383;

8∙7∙6∙5∙4∙3∙2∙

P (X =2) = ---------------- (0,1)2(1- 0,1)6 = 0,149;

2∙6∙5∙4∙3∙2∙

 

P (X >=2) = 1 - P (X =0) - P (X = 1) = 0,187.

 

2. n = 1000 , = 0,001. , , .

, n = a/n a

P (X =k) = ak/k! e-a. (2)

(2) , k n. k, n.

a = n = 1, n . (2)

P (X =0) = e -1 = 0,368;

P (X =1) = e -1 = 0,368;

P (X =2) = ½ e -1 = 0,184;

P (X> 1) = 1-0,368-0,368 = 0,264;

 

2. ( ) . (.. . . , 1970, .405.).

 

() mτ.

α , m m 1 m 2

 

P (m 1 < m < m 2) = α.

 

[ m 1 , m 2] . m 1, m 2 m , α 1, .

, m , τ , mτ 1, τ 2,, τN N

 

m  = (τ 1 + τ 2++ τN)/ N. (1)

 

.

1. m  (1).

2. 0,8; 0,9; 0,95; 0.99

( , ).

3. m 1 , m 2 ( ), , m  ( -). , -.

 

n < 15 m 1 , m 2

 

m 1 = ν 1 m , m 2 = ν 2 m , (2)

 

ν 1 = 2 N2δ, ν 2 = 2 N21-δ. (3)

 

χ2δ χ21-δ χ2- . , . p r ( ). χ2 (. .. , .. , , 1988).

r = 2 N, (4)

χ2δ p = δ, χ21 p = 1- δ. δ α

δ = (1 α)/2. (5)

1. 10

i                    
τ i,                    

m 0,9.

(1) N = 10

m  =4250/10 = 425 .

(4) (5)

r = 20, δ = 0,05; 1- δ = 0,95.

χ2δ = 31,4; χ21 = 10,85.

(2) (3)

ν 1 = 20/31,4 = 0,637; ν 2 = 20/10,85 = 1,84;

m 1 = 425∙0,637 = 271 ; m 2 = 425∙1,84 = 783.

, 0,9 m 271 783 .█

0,9 [271,784] m. 0,9 .

 

.

2. α = 0,8; 0,6, 1.

: m 1 = 299 , m 2 = 684;

m 1 = 340 , m 2 = 582. █

 

:

 

α m 1, m 2,
0,6    
0,8    
0,9    
0,96    
0,98    

 

. .

α=0,96; 0,98 , . 551.

 

 

n > 15 χ2 ,

 

m 1 =4 mN /(√(4 N -1) +ε0)2, m 2 =4 mN /(√(4 N -1) - ε0)2, (6)

 

ε0

 

α/ 2 = Φ(ε0), (7)

 

Φ(ε0) = , .

ε0 ( , ), Φ(ε0). ε0 α/ 2 , .

 

3. 25 1600 . mα= 0,8.

m  = 1600/25 = 64 . α/ 2 =0,4 Φ(ε0) = 0.39973 ε0 = 1,28.

(6)

m 1 =4∙1600/(√99 +1,28)2=50,5 ; m 2 =4∙1600/(√99 - 1,28)2=84 .█

 

n .

4. m  = 64 . α= 0,8, , 250, 2500, 25000 .

: m 1 = 59,2 , m 2 = 69,5.

m 1 = 62,4 , m 2 = 65,7.

m 1 = 63,5 , m 2 = 64,5.

m 1, m 2 N (.) █

 





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