.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





( (, /c, bps, cps, /, /)

(, /c, bps, cps, /, /)

LAN

1, 2, 8, 10, 16, 20 /

100 \

1Gbps, 10Gbps

WLAN

Blue Tooth 10 \

Wi-Fi 100 \

Wi-MAX 100 \

WAN

64, 128,144 \ (ISDN, X.25)

256 \,512 \, 2, 5,10, 20, 45 \ (xDSL, Frame Relay)

672.5 \, 2,4 (ATM), 10 Gbps (Ethernet); 45, 100 Gbps (in Future Ethernet)

: 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 33600, 56000

bps ( = (1200-3000 bod))

( 64/, 128 /, 256/, 1,0/, 5/., 10/)

64/, 128 /, 256/, 1,0/, 5/., 10/

:

() (, , );

() (, , ).

 

2) ( ). DHCP .

Internet. ( ), . , , , .

Internet , Internet.

DHCP- IP- , TCP/IP. , DHCP-, , DNS-, WINS- .

DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP, . , . . DHCP TCP/IP.

DHCP : , . IP-, DHCP , .

, UDP IP. DHCP-, - IP-, .. , , , , <> , .

 

3) . ,

4) . .

,

ֲ

ֲ .

:

- p p Hayes (-Z - );

- p pp Hayes & A-A-&Z - , % A-A-%Z, /

A-A-/Z -;

- S- Pp S0 - S20 (S0 - S99);

- 0- 0- 99.

AT- . AT ( At, a, at) <CR>. ( .)

p :

ATDP,

ATDT -Ds - .

- , P - .

.

( ).

- .

ϳ ( )

.

 

5)

6) SLIP

SLIP

 

7) 㳿 LAN.

- , .

㳿 , : Ethernet, Token-ring, Arcnet, FDDI.

㳿 Ieee802.3/ethernet

. , . Ethernet ( ). Ethernet, , .

Ethernet 㳿 , CSMA/CD.

8) .

: (circuit switching), (packet switching) (message switching).

, - .

. - , . , .

, . - .

:

- (Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM);

- (Time Division Multiplexing, TDM).

9) 㳿 WAN.

TCP/IP, SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM Frame relay. X.25, Frame relay.

, . . , , ( ) , , , . , .

10) HDLC : ѳ, , ,

 

11) . p

, , : . .

, . , , . , , , , , .

. - , . , . , , LANtastic, Personal Ware, Windows for Workgroup, Windows NT Workstation.

: , , , , , , , , , . , - .

, , .

, , .

, , , , , : - , , . , , - . , ( ) ( ).

12) . 㳿 , GRID, Cloud Computing.

13) Ethernet.

Ethernet

, , , . Ethernet 802.3 IEEE.

72 1526 , .2.

.2. Ethernet

 

- .

.

 

SFD (Start-Frame Delimiter) - , . SFD

.

 

- - , .

 

- - , .

Ethernet

Ethernet . . 1.3 . 1.4. 10Base-2, 10Base-, 100Base-X, 100Base-FX , (. 1.3). , , , . 1.3.

1.3 Ethernet

 

(. 1.4, 1.5). .

 

1.4 Ethernet 802.3, 802.2

 

1.5 Ethernet DIX, SNAP

1. IEE802.3.

: 8, ( ) 14 , 4, 46 , 1500 . , 26 . tF=9.6 10Base-x, t F =0.96 100Base-x.

 

 

 

14) ѳ HDLC HDLC

15) Frame Relay: , , , .

 

16) . DVA, LSA.

17) . .

18) DSL. DSL: , , , .

DSL , .

19) ,

20) ISDN: , , ,

ISDN (. Integrated Services Digital Network) . .

ISDN 64 / (, , .). : .

ISDN TDM

21) .

(. Transport layer) 4- OSI , , . , , , . , , , . -. : TCP, UDP, SCTP.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ( ) , TCP/IP.

TCP , , , , (. T/TCP). UDP .

TCP, , , TCP .

, TCP , , -. TCP . TCP. TCP , , .

UDP (. User Datagram Protocol ) IP . OSI

TCP, UDP , . UDP Unreliable Datagram Protocol ( ). , , , , ..

SCTP (. Stream Control Transmission Protocol ), , 2000 IETF. RFC 4960 , RFC 3286 .

, SCTP TCP UDP [1]. , SCTP , , SYN-flood , (multi-homing).

 

22) .

. .. :

- ;

- ;

- ;

- .

(repeater) , . , . , . , , .

(bridge) ( ) , , . , .

(router) ; , , , . : , , ; , . .

(gateway) , , OSI ; OSI. , .

, , , .

 

23) .

-, . , , , , .

, .

- , . . , , .

OSI. , . , , - , .

. , , . OST, . OSI. . . :

ISO/OSI;

IBM System Network Architecture (SNA);

Digital DECnet;

Novell NetWare;

Apple AppleTalk;

, TCP/IP.

 

Ethernet

Token ring

FDDI

HDLC

GVRP

PPP, PPTP, L2TP

ATM

xDSL

 

ICMP

IPv4, IPv6

IPX

ARP

 

SPX

XOT

ISODE

DVMRP

TCP

UDP (Unreliable/User Datagram Protocol)

SCTP

RDP/RUDP (Reliable Data Protocol/Reliable User Datagram Protocol)

RTCP

 

SSL

NetBIOS

 

binkp

DHCP ( OSI )

FTP

Finger

DNS

Gnutella

Gopher

HTTP

HTTPS

IMAP

IRC

XMPP

LDAP

NTP

NNTP

POP3

RDP

SSH

SMTP

Telnet

SNMP

SIP

DMX-512

24)

, .

. :

1) TCP/IP;

2) IPX/SPX;

3)NetBIOS;

4) OSI.

( ) Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI , . .

TCP/IP Internet, . : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, SLIP, PPP, X.25, ISON.

IPX/SPX (IPX Interwork Packed Exchange; SPX Sequenced Packed Exchange). , .

NetBIOS IBM, Microsoft. NetBEUI, SMB. , , 200 . , , , , .

 

25)

 

26) 䳿 . .

 

27) IP

28) TCP

29) TCP

30) TCP/IP, UDP

UDP (. User Datagram Protocol ) IP . OSI.

TCP, UDP , . UDP Unreliable Datagram Protocol ( ). , , , , ..

TCP/IP (. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) DOD, . (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.

 

31) ATM: , , ,

:

32) ,

. - .

, .

, , . Ethernet.

, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPRS.

, , , IP (Internet Protocol ), .

, . LAN:

;

;

;

..

. , . ໻ .

 

33)

34) NDIS Windows XP\2003.

NDIS (.. . Network Driver Interface Specification) - , Microsoft 3Com ..

35) .

- , () . .

:

- ;

- , " ", ;

- ( ), , .

() , . .

. " " (POST - Primitive Old Telephone System) . , .

. , . .

(twisted pair) , ( ), . . . : UTP STP.

(coaxial cable) - , , ( ). .

: 5 10 . , . , .

( )

( ) .

, . , - 50 . () , .

- .

 

36) .25

X.25 OSI. WAN , . . Frame Relay.

X.25 (Permanent Virtual Circuits, PVC Switched Virtual Circuits, SVC) , X.25- (Logical Channel Identifyer, LCI) (Logical Channel Number, LCN).

X.25 ,

37) ѳ \IP

TCP/IP (. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) DOD, . (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.

TCP/IP UDOD :

(application),

(transport),

(network),

(data link).

OSI. TCP/IP IP-. .

TCP/IP

ARP MAC , , IP . broadcast.

ICMP , .

IGMP multicast .

IP .

TCP , .

UDP , .

 

38) . .

- , , , . , .

FTP (. File Transfer Protocol ) , . FTP FTP, ; ,

:

 

39) ³

:

- ;

- ;

- .

. PPP, UNIX, Macintosh, Windows.

 

( ), .

 

, , . .

 

40) Ethernet

. , .

1. (Store and Forward). , , .

2. (cut-through). . , .

3. (fragment-free) . . ( 64 store-and-forward, cut-through).

() OSI. , Layer 3 Switch , L3 Switch. Web-, SNMP, RMON . .

 

: VLAN, QoS, , .

. , 4 24 90 ((4*24)-6=90) 96 ( ).

41) 㳿. ³ , 㳿.

42) .





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