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.
(Application), , , , , , , , . . ( , OSI);
. :
FTAM (File Transfer Access and Management)- OSI ;
X400 - 1 :
500 - 1 ,
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - Internet ;
SMTP (Simple Transfer Protocol) - Internet ;
(Simple Network Management Protocol) , ;
Telnet - Internet ;
Microsoft SMBs (Server Message Blocks, ) Microsoft
NCP (Novell NetWare Core Protocol) Novell
(Presintation), , , , . , - .
(Session) , ( , ). , .
(Transport) , . , , .
( OSI);
. :
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TPC /IP- , ;
SPX - IPX /SPX (Internet work Packet Exchange /Sequential Packet Exchange) , , Novell
NWLink - IPX /SPX Microsoft;
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Exchange User Interface, NetBIOS) - (NetBIOS) , (NetBIOS).
(Network) ( ), , ( ).
, , . :
IP (Internet Protocol) /I - ;
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) - NetWare ;
NWLink - IPX/SPX Microsoft;
NetBEUI - , NetBEUI
, (Data link), , . , . .
(Physical) - , , , . , , , , ..
OSI, IEEE Projest 802, 1980 (: 802 ), , , OSI. , ( 802-), , .
802.1 - ,
802.2 - .
802.3 - CSMA/SD (Ethernet).
802.4 - .
802.5 - .
802.6 - (Metropolitan Area Network, MAN).
802.7 - .
802.8
802.9 - .
802.10 - .
802.11- .
802.12 - (100VG-AnyLAN).
802.3. 802.4. 802.5, 802.12 MAC () OSI. 802- .
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15 /IP. , , .
(TCP/IP) - , .
, TCP/IP :
- , .
- TCP/IP.
- Internet.
- intranet- , Internet WWW, Internet.
- TCP/IP.
- , .
-. , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
16 TCP/IP. , .
TCP/IP . TCP/IP 4 :
IV() - OSI. TCP/IP , .
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( OSI) IP, , , , . IP , . IP - , , .
II() - . TCP UDP. TCP . UDP , IP, .
I() - .
FTP , / .
telnet - .
SMTP .
POP3 .
IMAP4 .
ARP .
HTTP (WWW) .
RIP , .
IP - , , - .