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, . , , . Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VMS UNIX.

UNIX. . . . UNIX , . UNIX , , , .

ISO (International Standard Organization) ISO 7498 (OSI Open System Interconnection), . , , . , ISO/OSI.

. ( ), .

, , , , . .

; , .

(DARPA) . , , . . 1961 . , " , . , , ( ). , , , , . , ( ). ... . , , . 1964 , , Ļ (RAND) .

1969 Defence Advanced Research Agensy (DARPA) . ARPA , , , . ARPA , , . . , ; , ; , ; , .

ARPANET , , . 1975 ARPANET . Defence Communication Agency (DCA), Defence Information Systems Agency (DISA). .

1 1983 Network Control Protocol (NCP) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). , . , , , . . : - TCP IP. TCP , , , . IP, Internet Protocol, . 1978 , TCP/IP.

Military Standarts (MIL STD), .. , , , . DARPA Berkley Software Design TCP/IP Berkeley(BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP.

TCP/IP , , Internet . 1983 ARPANET MILNET, Defence Data Network (DDN) . Internet : MILNET ARPANET. , ARPA . , 1985 NSF NSFNET .

. 1990 (Federal Networking Council) , - . , . , . 1991 ARPANET , Internet , , . 1993 2,5 , 100 , . 1994 . 1997 , , , -. . , , , , . , . , . , , .

, ( T3 = 45 ). . . , . () . , .

. : . . . . IGP (Internet Gateway Protocol ). , . Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) . Backbone, GGP (Gateway to Gateway Protocol ).

Internet :

1. ( , );

2. ( - );

3. - ( , , ).

Internet :

1. - (, - );

2. ;

3. DNS IP ;

4. ( , www , FTP , news );

5. , , .

Internet :

1. ( ): unix, windows, windows NT ;

2. , : web (Netscape Enterprise Server, Microsoft Information Server (Windows NT), Apache (Unix, Windows); : Lotus Notes, Netscape Enterprise Server ; FTP: web;

3. web-;

4. (, ftp, irc, icq , ).

, Internet TCP/IP-, . , . , .

Internet Internet- , , IP-. IP- 32 8 . , 0 255. , . , 255.255.255.255 147.120.3.28 IP-. , IP-.

32 IP-, Internet! , . , 8- , .
IP- 1, 2, 3,.... IP- : . IP- . , . . IP- . , , , (, , IP-). , , . IP- , . D , .

IP- . 32 IP-, 8- . IP- .
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128 191
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IP- 147.14.87.23, , , 147.14, 87.23. IP- 221.132.3.123, 221.132.3 123. , - - Internet, IP- . , IP-, TCP/IP, Domain Name System ( ).

Internet, ; Internet, , -. , , .

Internet ( -), . , Internet, abc.com. , , .

, IP ADDRESS. , , , IP . , , . DNS.

DNS, , . , , NAMESERVER, , .

Internet, DNS, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, US ( , , ). :

- () first level domain;

- second level domain;

- third level domain.

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arpa - Old style Arpanet af - Afghanistan ()
biz - businesses firms () ca - Canada ()
com - commercial () cc - Cocos Islands ( )
edu - US educational () de - Germany ()
gov - US goverment () fr - France ()
int - international () ru - Russia ()
info - information services se - Sweden ()
mil - US military ( ) tv - Tuvalu ()
nato - NATO field () uk - United Kingdom ()
org - non-profit organization zw - Zimbabwe ()
net - network ( ) ws - Western Samoa ( )

 

(second level domain):
anort.com Anort Inc.

: anort (host). com (first level domain);

(third level domain) , (subdomain).

, :

photo.anort.com

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anort.com/company

photo company (subdomain), .

 

, 1972 . , . . . .

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, , (Outbox). , . , . - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). . IP- , . SMTP- . SMTP-, . , . , , , SMTP- Mailer-Daemon, ( ), , . , , (Send).

, , . - POP- (Post Office Protocol Server) . POP-, , . ( ). POP-, , . , POP- , -. , . . , (Trash), . (Inbox). , , .

, , . . . . , , , .

. . (templates) . , , , . . , , , , .. (, ..), .

, , . . , , POP-. , , (IMAP-). , , . .

WWW

1989 - (Tim Berners-Lee), (CERN) (), World Wide Web (WWW) . , , -. () . Web- , . () . , , . , , . , , Web-, , , , Web-. 1993 NCSA, ., Mosaic WWW. , . . http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/ -, .

, , Web- , HTML, , HTTP, ( ) URL. URL , , HTTP; , , .

WWW . - , , , . , . , , WWW . WWW , . , , Web-, .

1994 , . . The WebCrawler, . WebCrawler, 20 1994 , , 6000 . WebCrawler . America Online 1995 . 1996 Excite Inc.

1995 , David Filo Jerry Yang, , . Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle (Yahoo!). 1995 , Marc Andreessen Yahoo! Netscape. Yahoo! .

. , -, . , , , . Google (www.google.com). : (www.yandex.ru), (www.aport.ru), (www.rambler.ru).

FTP

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , , , . FTP . , , , . , , , , .

, FTP- Windows (, WS_FTP), FTP-, , , .

Usenet , usenet . , (). . . offline (.. ). . , , , . () . :

1. post message ()
2. replay to -
3. read message

, . , , .


 

(IRC)

Internet Relay Chat Internet. IRC , . . IRC . - IRC , Usenet. IRC , , . online-. , , IRC. IRC . , Internet, , .

Internet Relay Chat TCP/IP, Internet. IRC TCP/IP . .

- IRC-, . IRC, Internet, ; , IRC- IRC-.

IRC . IRC- , IRC. . IRC-. , IRC, , . , .

IRC- , IRCops, IRC-. , . Internet 100 IRC-. IRC-, , , Internet- IRC-, . , , , , .

IRC , . , , . IRC IRCing. IRC , . IRC, . . .

IRC (nicknames) . , IRC. , IRC, IRC. /HELP , . , /LIST : /HELP list.


I. .. 1

1. .. 1

1.1. . 1

1.2. . 3

1.3. : . 5

1.4. : . 6

2. .. 8

2.1. ... 8

2.2. ... 13

2.3. . 18

2.4. . 21

3. . 51

3.1. . 51

3.2. . 51

3.3. . 53

3.4. . 57

II. . 60

1. . 60

1.1. . 60

1.2. . 60

1.3. . 66

2. . 67

2.1. . 67

2.2. . 73

2.3. . 81

3. . 89

3.1. .. 89

3.2. . 91

3.3. .. 106

III. . 110

1. . 110

1.1. ... 110

1.2. , 111

2. . 112

2.1. , . 112

2.2. . 113

2.3. . 116

3. . 120

3.1. . 120

3.2. . 124

3.3. BASIC.. 128

3.4. . 132

IV. ... 135

1. .. 135

1.1. . 135

1.2. . 136

2. . 142

2.1. . 142

2.2. .. 149

2.3. .. 152

2.4. .. 157





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