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UNIX. . . . UNIX , . UNIX , , , .
ISO (International Standard Organization) ISO 7498 (OSI Open System Interconnection), . , , . , ISO/OSI.
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(DARPA) . , , . . 1961 . , " , . , , ( ). , , , , . , ( ). ... . , , . 1964 , , Ļ (RAND) .
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1969 Defence Advanced Research Agensy (DARPA) . ARPA , , , . ARPA , , . . , ; , ; , ; , .
ARPANET , , . 1975 ARPANET . Defence Communication Agency (DCA), Defence Information Systems Agency (DISA). .
1 1983 Network Control Protocol (NCP) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). , . , , , . . : - TCP IP. TCP , , , . IP, Internet Protocol, . 1978 , TCP/IP.
Military Standarts (MIL STD), .. , , , . DARPA Berkley Software Design TCP/IP Berkeley(BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP.
TCP/IP , , Internet . 1983 ARPANET MILNET, Defence Data Network (DDN) . Internet : MILNET ARPANET. , ARPA . , 1985 NSF NSFNET .
. 1990 (Federal Networking Council) , - . , . , . 1991 ARPANET , Internet , , . 1993 2,5 , 100 , . 1994 . 1997 , , , -. . , , , , . , . , . , , .
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. : . . . . IGP (Internet Gateway Protocol ). , . Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) . Backbone, GGP (Gateway to Gateway Protocol ).
Internet :
1. ( , );
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3. - ( , , ).
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1. - (, - );
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4. ( , www , FTP , news );
5. , , .
Internet :
1. ( ): unix, windows, windows NT ;
2. , : web (Netscape Enterprise Server, Microsoft Information Server (Windows NT), Apache (Unix, Windows); : Lotus Notes, Netscape Enterprise Server ; FTP: web;
3. web-;
4. (, ftp, irc, icq , ).
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Internet Internet- , , IP-. IP- 32 8 . , 0 255. , . , 255.255.255.255 147.120.3.28 IP-. , IP-.
32 IP-, Internet! , . , 8- , .
IP- 1, 2, 3,.... IP- : . IP- . , . . IP- . , , , (, , IP-). , , . IP- , . D , .
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IP- 147.14.87.23, , , 147.14, 87.23. IP- 221.132.3.123, 221.132.3 123. , - - Internet, IP- . , IP-, TCP/IP, Domain Name System ( ).
Internet, ; Internet, , -. , , .
Internet ( -), . , Internet, abc.com. , , .
, IP ADDRESS. , , , IP . , , . DNS.
DNS, , . , , NAMESERVER, , .
Internet, DNS, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, US ( , , ). :
- () first level domain;
- second level domain;
- third level domain.
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: | : |
arpa | - Old style Arpanet | af | - Afghanistan () |
biz | - businesses firms () | ca | - Canada () |
com | - commercial () | cc | - Cocos Islands ( ) |
edu | - US educational () | de | - Germany () |
gov | - US goverment () | fr | - France () |
int | - international () | ru | - Russia () |
info | - information services | se | - Sweden () |
mil | - US military ( ) | tv | - Tuvalu () |
nato | - NATO field () | uk | - United Kingdom () |
org | - non-profit organization | zw | - Zimbabwe () |
net | - network ( ) | ws | - Western Samoa ( ) |
(second level domain):
anort.com Anort Inc.
: anort (host). com (first level domain);
(third level domain) , (subdomain).
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photo.anort.com
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anort.com/company
photo company (subdomain), .
, 1972 . , . . . .
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, , . - POP- (Post Office Protocol Server) . POP-, , . ( ). POP-, , . , POP- , -. , . . , (Trash), . (Inbox). , , .
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WWW
1989 - (Tim Berners-Lee), (CERN) (), World Wide Web (WWW) . , , -. () . Web- , . () . , , . , , . , , Web-, , , , Web-. 1993 NCSA, ., Mosaic WWW. , . . http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/ -, .
, , Web- , HTML, , HTTP, ( ) URL. URL , , HTTP; , , .
WWW . - , , , . , . , , WWW . WWW , . , , Web-, .
1994 , . . The WebCrawler, . WebCrawler, 20 1994 , , 6000 . WebCrawler . America Online 1995 . 1996 Excite Inc.
1995 , David Filo Jerry Yang, , . Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle (Yahoo!). 1995 , Marc Andreessen Yahoo! Netscape. Yahoo! .
. , -, . , , , . Google (www.google.com). : (www.yandex.ru), (www.aport.ru), (www.rambler.ru).
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , , , . FTP . , , , . , , , , .
, FTP- Windows (, WS_FTP), FTP-, , , .
Usenet , usenet . , (). . . offline (.. ). . , , , . () . :
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3. read message
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(IRC)
Internet Relay Chat Internet. IRC , . . IRC . - IRC , Usenet. IRC , , . online-. , , IRC. IRC . , Internet, , .
Internet Relay Chat TCP/IP, Internet. IRC TCP/IP . .
- IRC-, . IRC, Internet, ; , IRC- IRC-.
IRC . IRC- , IRC. . IRC-. , IRC, , . , .
IRC- , IRCops, IRC-. , . Internet 100 IRC-. IRC-, , , Internet- IRC-, . , , , , .
IRC , . , , . IRC IRCing. IRC , . IRC, . . .
IRC (nicknames) . , IRC. , IRC, IRC. /HELP , . , /LIST : /HELP list.
I. .. 1
1. .. 1
1.1. . 1
1.2. . 3
1.3. : . 5
1.4. : . 6
2. .. 8
2.1. ... 8
2.2. ... 13
2.3. . 18
2.4. . 21
3. . 51
3.1. . 51
3.2. . 51
3.3. . 53
3.4. . 57
II. . 60
1. . 60
1.1. . 60
1.2. . 60
1.3. . 66
2. . 67
2.1. . 67
2.2. . 73
2.3. . 81
3. . 89
3.1. .. 89
3.2. . 91
3.3. .. 106
III. . 110
1. . 110
1.1. ... 110
1.2. , 111
2. . 112
2.1. , . 112
2.2. . 113
2.3. . 116
3. . 120
3.1. . 120
3.2. . 124
3.3. BASIC.. 128
3.4. . 132
IV. ... 135
1. .. 135
1.1. . 135
1.2. . 136
2. . 142
2.1. . 142
2.2. .. 149
2.3. .. 152
2.4. .. 157