: ..
-
.. ()
ã , 2010
- .
, , , . , . , , , , , , , .
12 . . . , , , , - ..
, . Infinitive, Passive Voice, Gerund, Modal Verbs. , , , . , .
. , . , .
look, be, put, turn, . , , .
|
|
|
:
.. . --, 2006.
.. . . ., 2005.
.., .. . ., 2008.
. . ., 2006.
Learn to Read Science. . ., 2004.
-
http://www.ets.ru/about-r.htm.
http://www.unesco.org.
http://prometeus.nsc.ru/pilot/sci2.ssi
http://wwwencyclocentral.com.
http://foxnews.com/scitech/naturalscience/
:
12 :
- ;
- ;
- /
1. . , , . , , ( ). . , . - .
2.
, - , . , . , . .
3.
.
.
1.
1. .
2. , , .
3. .
4. , .
2.
1. , .
2. , .
3. .
4. , , , .
|
|
|
5. , , .
3.
1. , .
2. , , .
3. .
Unit 1
Read and translate the text:
Text
TRANSLATOR
The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual use, and a knowledge and understanding of the subject-matter in his fields of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional equipment. In addition to this, it is desirable that he should have an enquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work on his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others should his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publiction, should have more than a nodding acquaintance with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to switch rapidly from one source language to another, as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently required of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translators work, i.e. the processing of written word, it is, strictly speaking, unnecessary that he should be able to speak them, it is an advantage rather than a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can dispense with. It is, however, desirable that he should have a approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages, even if this is restricted to knowing how proper names and places names are pronounced. The same applies to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does not matter. There are many other skills and qualities that are desirable in a translator.
Grammar Review
Verbs followed by a preposition which is retained in the passive structure
To account for - ,
To agree upon
To call for ,
To deal with ,
To refer to - ,
To rely on/upon -
To substitute for -
To think of as -
I. Translate the expressions:
A determination problem, problem identification, an indentification problem, a system model, crystal growth, control of systems
II. Translate the sentences:
It is essential that both experiments (should) start simultaneously. 2. They suggested that he should explain his explanation. 3. I would go home. 4. He proposed that the conditions should be made more severe. 5. But for the good weather we should not have gone for a walk. 6. They lived as if it were an imaginery world. 7. Make haste you should be late.
III. Translate:
1. This is not the effect, it is rather the cause. 2. It is a rather surprising result. 3. This rather simplified model will account for our observation. 4. Rather, I shall begin with answering questions. 5. These values are rather the exception than the rule. 6. This should facilitate rather than hinder necessary changes. 7. Rather than to facilitate necessary changes these programs hindered them.
Phrasal Verbs
LOOK
About/around
|
|
|
After
Back
Down (on) ,
Look forward to
In
Into
Like
On ,
Out (for) ;
Over/through
To
Up ; ;
Up to
Upon
Think about the sentences of your own using the verbs.
Unit 2
Read and translate the text:
EFFECTIVE THINKING IN BUSINESS
Our business life, like our personal life, presents a steady stream of problems. Success in business depends upon how well we meet the day-by-day challenges to our thinking ability that come before us. No one has a 100 per cent score in making sound decisions, but it is possible to train ourselves so we will have a pretty high betting average.
Let us see how useful the scientific method can be in solving business. I hope to convince you that it is possible to achieve a high degree of success in making sound business decisions without using a scientific approach.
The scientist does not settle things by arguing about them he decides things by surveying the facts. Facts first, then opinions. Talking does not convince him he knows how easy it is to be misled by preconceived ideas.
The scientific method is a three-step process:
- You use your imagination and your memory for thinking up explanation or possible solutions for your problems.
- You analyse them logically you try to visualize how each solution will work out. And then you are ready for the third step without which thinking is not scientific.
- You test your idea by trying it. You let the facts speak for themselves.
Do you support the principle of the scientific method?
Grammar Review
Verbs taking a direct object in English but equivalent to Russian verbs followed by a preposition:
to affect -
to approach -
to attend - ( )
to consult - (, )
to enjoy - ,
to follow ,
to influence
to join -
to watch
Exercises
I. Translate the structures and complete the sentences:
1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , .
II. Translate into Russian:
1. Some people are easily influenced by other peoples opinions. 2. The distribution of plants is greatly affected by local conditions. 3. The seminar was attended by all the participants. 4. His lectures are always followed by heated discussions. 5. In several areas of resarch the efforts of scientists are joined by those of philosophers and sociologists. 6. At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by a test and the award of a degree. 7. The members of the laboratory were consulted prior to this successful operation.
III. Translate into English:
1. () 18 . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. , . 8. .
|
|
|
Unit 3
Read and translate the text:
SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION:
ITS IMPACT ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Mr. A. The impact of scientific activity on technology is often discussed today. But one thing is not clear. What is meant here: the impact of todays scientific activity on todays technology or the impact of todays scientific developments on technology thirty years from now?
2. Mr. B. I think there is usually an interval of twenty years or so between the discovery of a new scientific principle and its impact on industry. In the case of the transistor, for example, it took about that long. Some things move a bit faster but it must be admitted that many are even slower.
3. For example, our computers are based on fundamental discoveries in physics that may be traced back thirty, forty, even fifty years. What will come out of contemporary science, out of the research that is being done today we just do not know.
4. Mr. A. Do you think the isolated inventor is still the usual source of innovation, or has the group inventor been put to the fore now?
Mr. B. It seems that the lone inventor in most fields has been replaced by the group. But more often than we realize the original brilliant idea is still the product of one mans genius. He may, however, live in a group environment and have the advantage of the scientific and technical competence and intellectual contacts that come from working with a large group of people.
5. Mr. A. You are probably right. But as soon as a new idea is put forward, it requires many peoples efforts before it can be transformed into a product. And at this stage innovation becomes a group and not an individual activity, involving both a sophisticated body of information and a sophisticated technology.
Give a summary of the text.
Grammar Review
Remember the expressions
To consider = to give consideration to -
To allow for = to make allowance for - ,
To contribute to = to make a contribution to -
To make mention = to mention -
To refer to = to make reference to -
To use = to make use of -
To make use of = to take advantage of -
To take note of = to take notice of =to pay attention to -
I. Give Russian equivalents:
1. This method has een referred to in an earlier paper. 2. I do not think this innstrument can be relied upon. 3. The data cant be accounted for by the existing theory. 4. This theory has been referred to as big bang theory. 5. The best treatment of this syndrome is generally agreed upon. 6. Rapid development of chemical technology has been called for by the needs of the national economy. 7. The prolongation of life may be thought of as a feat of endurance rather than a race against time.
II. Translate into English using passive constructions:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
III. Think of sentences that would include the following words and word combinations:
Being tested, should be put into, will... performed, been provided, to be obtained, was presented
False friends of the translator
