Raphael Sanzio, Raffaello Sanzio (14831520), Italian painter. He was one of the greatest artists of the High Renaissance, active in Perugia, Florence, and Rome, where he painted frescoes in the Vatican and for secular patrons. Many of his designs were engraved, and much of his later work was the product of his studio.
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (15731610), Italian early Baroque painter. He was active in Rome, then in Naples, and finally in Malta. He created a forceful style, using contrasts of light and shade, dramatic foreshortening, and a meticulous attention to detail.
El Greco is the pseudonym of Domenikos Theotokopoulos (1541 1614). The painter was first called 'the Greek' in Crete where he was bom. He studied in Italy, worked in Rome from about 1570, and by 1577 had settled in Toledo, Spain. He painted elegant portraits and intensely emotional religious scenes with increasingly distorted figures and flickering light: for example, The Burial of Count Orgaz (church of San Tome, Toledo). El Grecos paintings are exhibited in various museums of Paris, London, New York, Madrid, Budapest.
Eugene Delacroix (17981863) is a French Romantic painter. His prolific output included religious and historical subjects and portraits of friends, among them the musicians Paganini and Chopin. Antagonistic to the French academic tradition, he evoled a highly coloured, fluid style, as in The Death of Sardanapalus exhibited in the Musee du Louvre, Paris.
Henri Marie Reymond de Toulouse-Latrec (18641901) is a French artist. Associated with the Imressionists, he was active in Paris where he painted entertainers and prostitutes in a style characterised by strong colours, bold design, and brilliant draughtsmanship. From 1891, his lithographic posters were a great success, skulfully executed and yet retaining the spontaneous character of sketches. His later work was to prove vital to the development of poster art.
Text 14
Culture
The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of culture reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity.
In 1871 Sir Edward . lor wrote that
culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
While a 2002 document from the United Nations agency UNESCO states that
culture is the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs.
In 1952 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of more than two hundred different definitions of culture in their book Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
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The two definitions stated above, as well as many others, offer a laundry list of things or objects that culture comprises:
Language
The Arts (Literature, Theatre, Music, Broadcasting, Visual Art, Architecture)
Religion
Food
Education
Sociological issues (Housing, Living Arrangements)
Sport
National costume Naming convention
Cultural studies are now developing throughout the world. Most scholars see culture as a complex web of shifting patterns that link people in different locales and that link social formations of different scales. According to this view, any group can construct its own cultural identity.
40 :
| Infinitive (V1) | Past Simple (V2) | Past Participle | |
| 1 be | was/were | been | , |
| 2 begin | began | begun | |
| 3 become | became | become | |
| 4 break | broke | broken | |
| 5 bring | brought | brought | |
| 6 build | built | built | |
| 7 buy | bought | bought | |
| 8 come | came | come | |
| 9 do | did | done | |
| 10 have | had | had | |
| 11 drink | drank | drunk | |
| 12 eat | ate | eaten | |
| 13 find | found | found | |
| 14 get | got | got | , |
| 15 give | gave | given | |
| 16 go | went | gone | |
| 17 know | knew | known | |
| 18 learn | learnt | learnt | , |
| 19 leave | left | left | , |
| 20 let | let | let | |
| 21 lose | lost | lost | , |
| 22 make | made | made | |
| 23 mean | meant | meant | |
| 24 meet | met | met | , |
| 25 pay | paid | paid | |
| 26 put | put | put | |
| 27 read | read | read | |
| 28 say | said | said | |
| 29 see | saw | seen | |
| 30 send | sent | sent | |
| 31 speak | spoke | spoken | |
| 32 sit | sat | sat | |
| 33 spend | spent | spent | |
| 34 stand | stood | stood | |
| 35 take | took | taken | |
| 36 teach | taught | taught | |
| 37 tell | told | told | |
| 38 think | thought | thought | |
| 39 understand | understood | understood | |
| 40 write | wrote | written |
III. :
1. My speciality specialist in social and cultural activity.
2. My favourite writer.
3. My favourite musician.
4. My favourite film.
5. My favourite director.
6. My favourite painter.
7. What is culture?
8. Perm Institutions of Culture.
9. Visit to the theatre.
10. Visit to the cinema.
11. The Perm State Academy of arts and culture.
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