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. (A, , C, D). () 53 . ( ) .

. 2.2.1. .

() . 2.2.2. () , , ( ) .

. 2.2.1 , 2.2.2 .

.

/ .
25,6 UTP Cat. 3  
51,84 UTP Cat. 3 /. . . . 100 2 000 400
100,0 /. . 2 000
155,52 UTP Cat. 5, STP 1A /. . . . 100 2 000 200
622,08 /. .  

.

/ .
1,544 (1)/2,048(1) UTP Cat. 3 1,3
34,368(3)/44,736(3) . . 0,4
51,84/155,52/622,08 /. . 15

. . . .
+ + + , TV
- + + . , TV
- - + TCP
D - - - IP, Ethernet
X   - -  

 

. AAL1 AAL5 , 2.3.4.

GFC (Generic Flow Control) .

VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) ( ).

VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier)

PTI (Payload Type Identifier) (3 ) , .

CLP (Cell Loss Priority) .

HEC (Header Error Control) .

, , , .

Ethernet

Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 ( . luminiferous ether ) LAN CSMA/CD.

70- . (Robert Metcalfe) 3 /. 1980 . DEC-Intel-Xerox 10 / 1985 . 802- IEEE. Ethernet Ethernet II/Ethernet DIX (DEC, Intel, Xerox) Raw 802.3 (Novell), ().

Ethernet.

. 2.3.1. Ethernet

IEEE Ethernet LLC (Logical Link Control), , MAC (Media Access Control), .

MAC 6 , 3 ( ) IEEE , 3 .

2.3.2.

, MAC , .

. , , , 1, , , 1 , , , , .

Ethernet

, . Ethernet , .

10Base5 10Base2. 10 10 /, Base , , 5 2 . 50 , RG 8/11 RG58 (thick) (thin) Ethernet.

10BaseF (Fiber). 10BaseFL ( IEEE 802.3 (80- ) FOIRL (Fiber Optic Inter Repeater Link) ) 10BaseFB , 2 . , , , . - .

10BaseT (Twisted), 8 (IEEE 802.3i), Ethernet 2 . UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) .

()
    ,
    , ArcNet
    , 10BaseT
    Token Ring
  110(200) 100BaseT
    1000BaseT
  400(750) 1000BaseT

UTP , . ().

Ethernet UTP , Token Ring, STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Type 1A, .

- , , . 100 . (hub), ( ) ().

4- , . . 4 .

4- , . . (Switch), , (Router), . (Gateway) , .

Ethernet (NIC Network Interface Card), .

.

() () /-/
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)   8,33 66,64-8,33
EISA (Enhanced ISA)   8,33 266,56-33,32
MCA (Micro Channel Architecture)   10,0 320,0-40,0
VLB (VESA Local Bus)   33,33 1066,56-133,33
PCI (Peripheral Connection Interface)   33,33 1066,56-133,33

(Bus mastering)

( 2 )

remote wake up ( ).

: ( ), ( ) ( , ).

IEEE 802.1p (QoS Quality of Service).

Ethernet

Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u) LAN. 1992 . 1995 . 3Com, SynOptics . Ethernet, CSMA/CD. 1995 . IEEE 802.3 802.3u 100 /, (10 100 /).

( 2.3.2.1) Ethernet .

. . ()
100BaseT4 UTP Cat.3  
100BaseTX UTP Cat.5  
100BaseFX . . .  

100BaseT4 UTP Cat.3 - (, , . .) . 4 UTP.

100BaseTX . , 100 / , . Ethernet 2- 4- .

100BaseFX 2 .

Fast Ethernet :

I (100BaseT4, 100BaseTX/FX)

II 100BaseT4, 100BaseTX/FX

I ( ) 1 I, 2 II, 5 . , , . . , .

Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z/) (1998-9 .) 1000 / , , , , . .

Gigabit Ethernet.

. . ()
1000BaseSX/LX /. 200-500
Twinax  
1000BaseT UTP Cat.5  

1000BaseSX/LX IEEE 802.3z (1998 .) (S short) (L long) - .

Twinax /.

1000Base IEEE 802.3 (1999 .) 5 . 4 . , . .

1- Gigabit Ethernet.

802 IEEE 10 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae).





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