65 , . 1935 . ( ) . 1950 . . 1961 . . 10988, , .
1980- . (Bureau of Labor Statistics) , 20 % , . , 2001 ., 100- , 7 % , 100 . , , . .
, , - , . , , , . , , , 1980- .
, , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , ( , , ), , . , , .
- , , . , . , , , , . : ?
|
|
. -, , , . -, , , . , , , (Lawler& Mohrman, 1987).
, , , , , - . , , ? - , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , ?
, , . , , -. , , , .
- , , . , , , , , , . , ( ) .
, , -~ . , , . . .
1. , : , , , , . , .
|
|
2. , ? , ( ). .
3. (), , . ( ) , , ( ).
4. (Barker, 1993, . 408) , [] ... [] , , , .
(cross - functional team)
(group cohesiveness)
(quality and group decisions')
(quality circle)
(norms)
(acceptability and group decisions)
(participative decision making)
(union as group)
(work team)
(reference group)
(group composition)
(group goals)
Alderfer, . ., & Smith, . . (1982). Studying intergroup relations embedded in organizations. Administrative Science Quarter!)', 27, 35-65.
Ancona, D. G. (1990). Outward bound: Strategies for team survival in an organization. Academy of Management Journal, 33,334-365.
Baloff, N., & Doheny, E. M. (1989). Potential pitfalls in employee participation. Organizational Dynamics, 17, 51-62.
Baratta, J. E., & McManus, M. A. (1992). The effect of contextual factors on individuals'job performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1702-1710.
Barker, J. R. (1993). Tightening the iron cage: Concertive control in self-managing teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38,408-437.
Barker, J. R., & Tompkins, P. K. (1994). Identification in the self-managing organization: Characteristics of target and tenure. Human Communication Research, 21, 223-240.
Barling, J., Wade, ., & Fullagar, C. (1990). Predicting employee commitment to company and union: Divergent models. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 49-61.
Blau, G. (1995). Influence of group lateness on individual lateness: A cross-level examination Academy of Management Journal, 38,1483-1496.
Bonoma, T. V, & Zaitman, G. (1981). Psychology/or management. Boston: Kent. Bragg, J., & Andrews, I. (1973). Participative decision making: An experimental study in hospital. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 9, 727-735.
Buch, K., & Spangler, R. (1990). The effects of quality circles on performance and promotions. Human Relations, 43, 573-582.
Bulkeley, W. M. (1994, Dec. 23). The latest big thing at many companies is speed, speed, speed. Wall Street Journal, pp. A-l, 4.
Carey, R. G. (1972). Correlates of satisfaction in the priesthood. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17,185-195.
Coch, L, & French, J. (1948). Overcoming resistance to change. Human Relations, 1, 512-532.
Cohen, S. G., & Ledford, G. E. (1994). The effectiveness of self-managing teams: A quasi-experiment. Human Relations, 47,13-43.
Collins, D. (1995). Death of a gainsharing plan: Power politics and participatory management. Organizational Dynamics, 24, 23-38.
Collins, D., Ross, R. A., & Ross, T. L. (1989). Who wants participative management? The managerial perspective. Group and Organization Studies, 14, 422-445.
|
|
Cooke, R. A., & Kernaghan, J. A. (1987). Estimating the difference between group versus individual performance on problem-solving tasks. Group and Organization Studies, 12, 319-342.
Cotton, J. L. (1995). Participation's effect on performance and satisfaction: A reconsideration of Wagner. Academy of Management Review, 20, 276-278.
Cotton, J. L., Vollrath, D. A., Froggatt, K. L, Lcngnick-Hall, M. L, & Jennings, K. R. (1988). Employee participation: Diverse forms and different outcomes. Academy of Management Review, 13, 8-22.
Cotton, J. L., Vollrath, D. A., Lengnick-Hall. M. L., & Froggatt, K. L. (1990). Fact: The form of participation does matter-A rebuttal to Leana. Locke, and Sch wciger. Academy of Management Review,J5,147-153.
Cove, R. W, & Belohlav, J. A. (1995). An exploratory analysis of employee participation. Group and Organization Management, 20, 4-17.
Davis, J. H. (1992). Some compelling intuitions about group consensus decisions, theoretical and empirical research, and interpersonal aggregation phenomena: Selected examples. 1950-1990. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52, 3-38.
Davis, L E., Strube, M. J., & Cheng, L. (1995). Too many Blacks, too many Whites: Is there a racial balance? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 119-135.
Dentler, R. A., & Erikson, . . (1959). The functions of deviance in groups. Social Problems, 7, 98-107.
Feldman, D. C. (1984). The development and enforcement of group norms. Academy of Management Review, 9,47-53.
Forsyth, D. R. (1990). Group dynamics (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole,
Fryxell, G. E., & Gordon, M. E. (1989). Workplace justice and job satisfaction as predictors of satisfaction with union and management. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 851-866.
Fullagar, C.J. A., Gordon, M. E., Gallagher, D. G., & Clark, R F. (1995). Impact of early socialization on union commitment and participation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology; 80, 147-157.
Geehr, J. L., Burke, M. J., & Sulzer, J. L. (1995). Quality circles: The effects of varying degrees o Psychological Measurement, 55,124-134.
Glenn, R. R. (1995). A training model for implementing self-directed work teams. Organisation Development Journal, 13,51-62.
Glew, D.J., O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W. & Van Fleet, D. D. (1995). Participation in organizations: A preview of the issues and proposed framework for future analysis. Journal of Management, 21, 395-421.
Greenbaum, FI. H., Kaplan, I. T., 61: Metlay, W. (1988). Evaluation of problem-solving groups: The case of quality circle programs. Group and Organization Studies, 13, 133-147.
Giriffin, R. W. (1988). Consequences of quality circles in an industrial setting: A longitudinal assessment. Academy of Management Journal. 31, 338-358.
Hackman, J. R. (1986). The psychology of self-management in organizations. In M. S. Pallak & R. Perloff (Eds.). Psychology and work. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In J. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall,
Hammer, T. H. (1978). Relationships between local union characteristics and worker behavior and attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 560-577.
Harrison, T. (1985). Communication and participative decision making: An exploratory-study Personnel Psychology, 38, 93-116.
Hollander, E. P. (1964). Leoders, groups, and influence. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hollenbeck. J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Sego, D.J., Hedlund J., Major, D. A., & Phillips.J. (1995). Multilevel theory of team decision making: Decision performance in teams incorporating distributed expertise. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 292-316.
|
|
Huszczo, G. E., & Hover, D. T. (1994). Factors involved in constructive union-management relationships. Human Relations, 47, 847-866.
Jackson, J. (1966). A conceptual and measurement model for norms and roles. Pacific Socioiogica Review, 9,35-47.
Janis, 1. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink. Atlanta: Houghton Mifflin.
Jewell, L. N., & Reitz, H. J. (1981). Group effectiveness in organizations. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
Johnson, W. R., &Johnson, G. J. (1992). Union performance and union loyalty: The role of perceived steward support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 677-690.
Kameda, T, & Davis, J. H. (1990). The function of the reference point in individual and group decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 55-76.
Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1969). Group problem solving. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook o/social psychology (Vol. 4). Reading, MA: Addison-Weslcy.
Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. (1993). Members' participation in local union activities: Measurement, prediction, and replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 262-279.
Kelly, C., & Kelly, J. (1994). Who gets involved in collective action? Social psychological determinants of individual participation in trade unions. Human Relations, 47, 63-88.
Krigsman, N., & O'Brien, R. M. (1987). Quality circles, feedback and reinforcement: An experimental comparison and behavioral analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 9, 67-82.
Laiken, M. E. (1994). The myth of the self-managing team. Organization Development Journal, 12, 29-34. Landon, D. N., & Moulton, S. (1986). Quality circles: What's in them for employees? Personnel Journal, 65, 23-26.
Larson, J. S. (1989). Employee participation in federal management. Public Personnel Management, 75,404-414. Lawler, E. E., III., & Mohrman, S. A. (1987). Unions and the new management. The Academy of Management Executive, 1, 293-300.
Leana, C. R., Locke, E. A., & Schwciger, D. M. (1990). Fact and fiction in analyzing research on participative decision making: A critique of Cotton, Vollrath, Froggatt, Lengnick-Hall, and Jennings. Academy of Management Review, 15, 137-146.
Ledford, G. E., & Lawler, E. (1994). Research on employee participation: Beating a dead horse? Academy of Management Review, 19, 633-636.
Locke, E. A., & Schweiger, D. M. (1979). Participation in decision making: One more look. Research in Organizational Behavior 1, 265-339.
Long, R. J. (1988). Factors affecting managerial desires for various types of employee participation in decision making. Applied Psychology; An International Review, 37, 15-34.
Mael, E A., & Tetrick, L E. (1992). Identifying organizational identification. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 813-824. Maier, N. R. E (1967). Assets and liabilities in group problem solving: The need for an integrative function. Psychological Review, 74, 239-249.
Manz, . . (1992). Self-leading work teams: Moving beyond self-management myths. Human Relations, 45,1119-1140.
Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Ackers, P., & Goodman, J. (1994). Understanding the meaning of participation: Views from the workplace. Human Relations, 47, 867-894. Mathieu, J. E., & Kohler, S. S. (1990). A cross-level examination of group absence influences on individual absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 217-220.
May, D. R., & Schwoerer, C. E. (1994). Developing effective work teams: Guidelines for fostering work team efficacy. Organization Development Journal, 12, 29-39. McGrath, J. E. (1984). Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mellor, S., Mathieu, J. E., & Swim.J. K. (1994). Cross-level analysis of the influence of local union structure on women's and men's union commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 203- 210.
Michaelsen, L. K., Watson, W. E., & Black, R. H. (1989). A realistic test of individual versus group consensus decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 834-839.
Miller, R. W, & Prichard, FN. (1992). Factors associated with workers' inclination to participate inan employee involvement program. Croup and Organization Management, 17, 414-430.
Mitchell, T. R., & Silver, W. S. (1990). Individual and group goals when workers are interdependent Effects on task strategies and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 185-193.
Mossholder, K. W., Bedcian, A. G., & Armenakis, A. A. (1982). Group process-work outcome relationships: A note on the moderating impact of self-esteem. Academy o/Management Journal 25,575-585.
|
|
Mullen, ., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: Ar integration. Psychological Bulletin. 115, 210-227.
Neck, C. R, & Manz, C. C. (1994). From groupthink to teamthink: Toward the creation constructive thought patterns in self-managing work teams. Human Relations, 47, 929-952. Neck, . , & Moorhead, G. (1995). Groupthink remodeled: The importance of leadership, time pressure, and methodical decision-making procedures. Human Relations, 48, 537-557.
O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Martocchio, J. J., & Frink, D. D. (1994). A review of the influence of group goals on group performance. Academy o/Management Journal, 37,1285-1301.
Parker, L. E., & Price, R. H. (1994). Empowered managers and empowered workers: The effects of managerial support and managerial perceived control on workers' sense of control over decision making. Human Relations. 47. 911-928.
Peters, T. J. (1988). Thriving on chaos. New York: Knopf,
Powell, R. M., & Schlactcr, J. L. (1971). Participative management: A panacea? Academy of Management Journal, 14,165-173..
Ray, R. G. (1995). A training model for implementing self-directed.work teams. Organisation Development Journal, 13,51-62.
Rentsch, J. R., Heffner, T, S., & Duffy, L. T. (1994). What you know is what you get from experience: Team experience related to teamwork schemas. Group and Organization Management, 19, 450- 474.
Renew, D. C., Billman, D., & Davis, R. A. (1993). Inaccurate perceptions of the amount others stereotype: Estimates about stereotypes of one's own group and other groups. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 14,121-142.
Ritti, R. R., & Funkhouser, G. R. (1977). The ropes to skip and the ropes to know. Columbus. OH: GRID.
Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. (1939). Management and the worker Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
Ross, R. S. (1989). Small groups in organizational settings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
Roy D. F (1959-60). Banana TimeJob satisfaction and informal interaction. Human Organization, 18,158-168.
Sagie, A. (1994). Participative decision making and performance: A moderator analysis. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 30, 227-246.
Sagie, A. (1995). Employee participation and work outcomes: An end to the dispute? Academy of Management Review, 20,278-280.
Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46,190-207.
Schmit J. (1995. May 5). Air Force streamlines its fliers' physicals. USA Today, p. 6B.
Shepperd.J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, . 67-81.
Siegal, J., Dubrovsky, V, Kiesler, S., & McGuire, T. W. (1986). Group processes in computer-mediated communication. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, 157- 187.
Sniezek, J. A., & Henry, R. A. (1990). Revision, weighting, and commitment in consensus group judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45, 66-84.
Stewart, G. ., 111. (1995, May). EVA worksBut not if you make these common mistakes. Fortune, p. 117.
Straus, S. G., & McGrathJ. E. (1994). Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79,87- 97.
Sundstrom, E., De Meuse, K. P., & Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45,120-133.
Tang, T. L, Tollison, P. S., & Whiteside, H. D. (1989). Quality circle productivity as related to upper-management attendance, circle initiation, and collar color. Journal o/Management, 15, 101-113.
Tedeschij. T, & Lindskold, S. (1976). Social psychology: Interdependence, interaction, and influence. New York: Wiley.
Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.
Wagner, J. A. (1994). Participation's effects on performance and satisfaction: A reconsideration of research evidence. Academy o/Management Review, 19, 312-330.
Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36,590-602.
Weisband, S. R (1992). Group discussion and first advocacy effects in computer-mediated and face-to-face decision making groups. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 352-380.
WhiteJ. K., & Ruh, R. A. (1973). Effects of personal values on the relationship between participation and job attitudes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, 506-514.