(, )
( ). .
CF
PF . 1 , 0
ZF (zero flag) 0 0, 1 0
SF (sight flag) 1 , 0
OF (overflow flag) . 1
IF (interruption flag) 1, .
() intel
. .
| () | (. intel) | |||
| MOV | MOV x,y | (4 ) . | ||
| STOR | STOR x | |||
| LOAD | LOAD | |||
| LEA | LEA x,y X= | , | ||
| CLR | CLR | . | ||
| SET | SET | . | ||
| PUSH | PUSH x | |||
| POP | POP x | |||
| ADD | ADD x,y | X=x+y. | ||
| MUL | MUL x,y | X=x*y | ||
| DIV | DIV x,y | X=x/y | ||
| INC | INC x | =+1 | ||
| DEC | DEC x | =-1 | ||
| . | NOT | NOT x | = | |
| AND | AND x,y | X=x^y | ||
| OR | OR x,y | X=x v y | ||
| XOR | XOR x,y | X=x / y ( ) | ||
| CMP | CMP x,y | . . | ||
| SHR SHL | SHR x,y SHL x.y | , | ||
| SAR SAL | SAR x,y | X= | ||
| ROR ROL | ROL x,y | = | ||
| - | IN | IN A | - () | |
| Out | OUT A | - | ||
| JMP | JMP A | |||
| CALL | CALL A | , | ||
| RET | RET | |||
| HLT | HLT | |||
| WAIT | WAIT | , . | ||
| JE JNE JG JL JGE JLE | JE A JNE A JG A | CMP x,y () - , -. x=y , x!=y , x>y X<y , x>=y X<=y | ||
|
|
|
3 .
1) - . . ADD x,6 (=+6)
2) . ADD x,y ( . X=x+y)
3) , ,
ADD x,[y] (x=x+y^)
| () | |||
| ( ) | . | . | |
| = | |||
| = R (r ) | |||
| ( ) | = [A] | (. Pentium = 2^32 ) | . |
| = [R] | . | ||
| - - - - | EA = PC + A (PC ) = [R] + A ( . .) = [A] + R (. - ) EA = [A] + [R] | ||
| = S (s ) |
.
PUSH X
PUSH Y
ADD
POP Z
. , , , ..
, ,
:
1. .
2. .
()
50
|
|
|
.
.
, , .
- .
1) ,
2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
7.
8. -.
9.
10. , -.
11. , .
12. 4, . ( )
DSEG
SSEG
CSEG
ESEG . ( )
.
, .
A SEGMENT
A ENDS
B PROC
B ENDP B
. ,
----
( + ) * 5
A SEGMENT
2-
ADD a,b
MUL a,5
A ENDS
3-
ADD a,b,r
MUL r,5,r
1-
LOAD a
ADD b
MUL 5
STOR r
0-
PUSH a
PUSH b
ADD
EA = s
Push 5
MUL
POP r
0,1,2,3 .
, 0120
: . , 002 5?
1) Mov x,7
0122 7
2) Mov [x],x
0125 5
3) Mov [x],7
0125 7
, 0120
x+y? z
if ((x+y) >= z) (+)
else (-)
SSEG SEGMENT STACK;
DB 256 DUP; 256
SSEG ENDS;
DSEG SEGMENT;
X DB 5
Y DB 3
Z DB 10
DSEG ENDS;
CSEG SEGMENT;
ASSUME CS:CSEG, DS:DSEG, SS:SSEG; ,
START PROC FAR;
PUSH DS; DS, AX .
PUSH AX
MOV DS DSEG
CALL MAIN;
RET;
START ENDP;
MAIN PROC NEAR
MOV AH,6; DL
MOV BH,x; BH
MOV BL,y; BL - y
ADD BH,BL; (x+y)
MOV BL,z; z BL
CMP BH,BL; x+y? z
JL LAB; , + z
MOV DL,+; + + >= z
JMP DONE
LAB: MOV DL,-; + z
DONE: INT 21H; .
(int )
RET
MAIN ENDP
CSEG ENDS
END START; ( )
|
|
|
, -,
. ,
, .
30 , .. . .
.
1.
, . .
2. , Q
3. .
(qn) :
1)
2) ,
( , )
q1
qz ,
λ ,
,
: 1 q1 * q2
1 q1 à *q2 R
| * | λ | |||
| Q1 | *q2 R | |||
| Q2 | ||||
| Q3 |
.
,
 |
,
..
1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 à 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
,
Q1 * à qz λ R =0
Q1 à q2 λ R
Q2 1 à q2 1 R ( 1 , )
Q2 * à q3 1 L ( )
Q3 1 à q3 1 L
Q3 λ à qz λ R ( 1 )
) , n n
If (x<=y) z = x^2-y, else z=x^+y. X=6 y=4
1 Q1 à 0 Qz R
0 Q2 à Q3 1 L
Q3 λ à qz λ
DSEG SEGMENT;
X DB 6
Y DB 4
Z DB 0
DSEG ENDS;
CSEG SEGMENT;
ASSUME CS:CSEG, DS:DSEG, SS:SSEG; ,
START PROC FAR;
PUSH DS; DS, AX .
PUSH AX
MOV DS DSEG
CALL MAIN;
|
|
|
RET;
START ENDP;
MAIN PROC NEAR
MOV AH,6; DL
MOV BH,x; BH
MOV BL,y; BL - y
CMP BH,BL
JL MET
MUL BH,BH; (xx)
ADD BH,BL
MOV BL,z; z BL
ADD BL,BH
MOV DL,z; -
JMP DONE
MET:
MUL BH,BH; (xx)
MUL BL,-1
ADD BH,BL
MOV BL,z; z BL
ADD BL,BH
MOV DL,z; -
DONE: INT 21H; .
(int )
RET
MAIN ENDP
CSEG ENDS
11111 à 11111 * 11111 .
(hardware)
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BIOS .
2) CMOS RAM
CMOS SETUP .
.
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-. .
CD-ROM.
CD-R. . .
CD-RW -, . .
.
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(ARPANET)
TCP/IP
, WWW.
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- .
, 1 2.
-, - ..
, 1 . LAN (Local area network)
MAN (metropolitan area network) 1 .
WAN (world area network) .
500 ..
1654
1834
1850-60 , ( )
1880 .
1897 - .
1936
1944 - .
1948
1953
1955
1957 ( )
1967 -6 .
1974 Intel 8080.
1975 -
1982 IBM PC/AT , 40 .
1984
1985
1989 - HTML
1991 .
1993 .
2000 64-
1 (45-55) . , 1 .
.
2 (55-65) . . , , . , .
.
3 (65-75) . - , . .
.
4 (75-85) .
.
5 (85-95) , , , .
6 (95-2005) , . .
7 (2005-2015) .
(software)
3 :
1.
1.1 . , . . .
, .
, . .
. , -
. .
1.2
1.3 ()
, , (, , , ..)
2.
2.1 .
, , .
2.2
(. Visual studio). , .
2.3
CASE
Computer
Aided
Software
Engineering
1) UML
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
.
.. . UML, ,
3. ( )
.
3.1
3.2 , .
3.3 -
.
. ( , )
()
. , .
- . , .
.
OCR optical character recognition ( )
,
. .
. SAP R3
.
