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TCP/IP , , . TCP/IP .
TCP/IP . , .
, , , IP- . TCP/IP . IP- DNS DHCP .. , .
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, , , .
1 TCP/IP. TCP/IP ISO/OSI, , , TCP/IP OSI .
1 TCP/IP
TCP/IP 4 .
TCP/IP OSI: , . , . TCP/IP . , (File Transfer Protocol, FTP), (telnet), (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP), (HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP) . .
, -
TCP/IP :
(Transmission Control Protocol, TCP);
, , (User Datagram Protocol, UDP).
TCP , , , , , , . - - . TCP , . TCP . , TCP .
- UDP - , , , .
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TCP UDP . , . TCP UDP , , .
, TCP UDP, , .
, , TCP/IP. , OSI, , . , , .
(Internet Protocol, IP). , . IP , . IP - , .
TCP/IP , IP. , , RIP OSPF, , , IP . : (Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP), , , (Internet Group Management Protocol, IGMP), .
TCP/IP .
OSI ( ) , , . , Ethernet, Token Ring, PPP, HDLC .
TCP/IP , . TCP/IP , , .
TCP/IP :
() IP- ;
.
TCP/IP , . . , .
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TCP/IP . ; Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, SLIP PPP, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM.
TCP/IP RFC, IP- (, RFC 1577, IP ATM, 1994 ATM).
TCP/IP , . , X.25 , ( OSI). TCP/IP X.25 IP- . IP- X.25, IP- X.25. OSI, (IP) (X.25). TCP/IP .
. , . TCP/IP ( 2).
2 PDU TCP/IP
, , , - TCP UDP.
TCP .
UDP , . , . IP, . .
TCP/IP , , , IP- . , . TCP/IP Ethernet, ATM, X.25, , IP- .
IP-
: (MAC-), (IP-) (DNS-)
TCP/IP :
, , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 : 3 - , 3 . , , .25 frame relay, .
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IP-, 4 , , 109.26.17.100. . . IP- : . , Internet (Network Information Center, NIC), Internet. Internet NIC, .
IP . IP- - , . IP-. IP-, . IP- , .
-, , SERV1.IBM.COM. , , , , . , DNS-, , , FTP telnet.
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IP- 4 , , , :
128.10.2.30 - ,
10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 - .
3.1 IP-.
0 N N
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, .
A 01.0.0 126.0.0.0
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0
C 192.0.1.0. 223.255.255.0
D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255
: broadcast, multicast, loopback
IP IP-:
I- , 0 0 0 0................................... 0 0 0 0
, ;
0, 0 0 0 0.......0
, , , ;
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, , . (limited broadcast);
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1, 1111................11
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127.0.0.1 . loopback.
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ARP IP-.
, IP- , ARP , , IP-, . ARP IP- . ARP-, IP- , ARP . ARP- . , ARP . 3.2 ARP Ethernet.
0 8 16 31
( 0 - 3)
( 4 - 5) IP- ( 0-1)
IP- ( 2-3) ( 0 - 1)
( 2-5)
IP- ( 0 - 3)
. 3.2. ARP
Ethernet 1. ARP IP, . IP 080016.
Ethernet 6 , IP- - 4 . ARP 1 ARP 2 RARP.
, ARP-, , ( RARP- IP-). , IP-.
ARP-, , , IP- X.25, . ARP . , - , , ARP- . IP- . , IP- .
IP-: DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) - , Internet. DNS IP- . DNS RFC 1034 1035. DNS , IP-.
DNS . - DNS- DNS-. DNS- IP-. Internet. DNS IP- DNS IP , IP-.
DNS-, , - DNS- , , DNS-. DNS- , Internet. , . - , , . IP- DNS-, .
DNS , , ( ) . , , .
DNS Internet Network Information Center. , . ISO 3166. , :
com - (, microsoft.com);
edu - (, mit.edu);
gov - (, nsf.gov);
org - (, fidonet.org);
net - , (, nsf.net).
DNS , . , . 63 . Internet (fully qualified domain name, FQDN), . DNS-:
citint.dol.ru.
IP- - DHCP
, IP- . . , , .
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) , . DHCP IP-. , , DHCP .
, DHCP- IP- . DHCP-.
DHCP- IP- (, , ) IP- . DHCP-. IP- -, , . DHCP IP- . IP-.
DHCP- , IP- . IP-, IP-.
DHCP TCP/IP, . " " (lease duration), , IP-, DHCP .
DHCP , , DHCP, . IP- . , . , . .
DHCP -. - DHCP, "", discover (), DHCP- . DHCP-, , offer (), IP- .
- DHCP "" DHCP-. , "" request () DHCP-, .
DHCP- DHCP-acknowledgment (), IP-, , . , DHCP- . , , "", TCP/IP. -, , . DHCP-, IP- , IP-.
DHCP , DHCP-, , IP-. , .
DHCP . -, DHCP DNS. , DNS IP-. IP- DHCP, DNS. DNS DHCP ( Dynamic DNS), .
-, IP- . , SNMP, IP-. , IP-.
, : DHCP- IP- . DHCP, IP-.