.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


. 1. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)




1. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) . , ICMP , IP. ICMP [1], (. 1). , , , 404 HTTP.

 

 
 

 


, IP

, IP 64 ,

. 1 ICMP

ICMP IPv4 RFC 792, RFC 950 [2]. ICMP IPv6 RFC 4443 [3].

ping traceroute RFC 2529 [4].

2. ping (Packet Internet Groper ) , , . TCP/IP ( ) , , . ping , . , , , - , , , , . ping TCP/IP .

- ping, , IP , -. - ( - n) , (Ctrl+C Del), . - , , Windows 4. ( DDOS-) -. , ping.

, : ping _ ping IP-.

:

C:\Users\admin>ping yandex.ru

yandex.ru [77.88.21.11] 32 :

77.88.21.11: =32 =1651 TTL=57

77.88.21.11: =32 =154 TTL=57

77.88.21.11: =32 =79 TTL=57

77.88.21.11: =32 =77 TTL=57

 

Ping 77.88.21.11:

: = 4, = 4, = 0

(0% )

- :

= 77, = 1651 , = 490

 

3. traceroute ( Windows tracert) , IP- . , . traceroute _, . , .

traceroute (TTL) , . TTL -. .

traceroute TTL . , . , , , c , -. . , traceroute . , , . .

:

admin@ddd:~$ traceroute lenta.ru

traceroute to lenta.ru (81.19.85.92), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets

1 172.24.255.254 (172.24.255.254) 13.218 ms 14.129 ms 14.019 ms

2 84.204.14.254 (84.204.14.254) 13.848 ms 15.145 ms 15.040 ms

3 46.47.255.33 (46.47.255.33) 13.910 ms 13.815 ms 14.594 ms

4 mx960-spb.peterstar.net (82.196.95.169) 15.117 ms 25.568 ms 26.261 ms

5 ix-j-mx240.m9.ramtel.ru (193.232.244.118) 39.993 ms 39.870 ms 39.750 ms

6 s193-mx240.vr.rambler.ru (81.19.64.93) 39.672 ms 17.704 ms 19.828 ms

7 81.19.94.132 (81.19.94.132) 19.772 ms 19.708 ms 19.590 ms

8 81.19.85.92 (81.19.85.92) 19.529 ms 19.424 ms 28.634 ms

 

:

C:\Users\admin>tracert yandex.ru

yandex.ru [87.250.251.11]

30:

 

1 100 ms 104 ms 106 ms HS2-1-16.xG.SPb.SkyLink.RU [89.253.1.16]

2 119 ms 99 ms 106 ms HS2-0-1.xG.SPb.SkyLink.RU [89.253.0.1]

3 107 ms 106 ms 106 ms 212.129.96.227

4 112 ms 104 ms 106 ms aurora-spb-ix.yandex.net [194.226.100.90]

5 128 ms 198 ms 110 ms 213.180.213.134

6 * * * .

7 124 ms 108 ms 105 ms s650-eto2c1.yandex.net [213.180.213.65]

8 121 ms 132 ms 133 ms l3-s550-s650.yandex.net [213.180.213.28]

9 116 ms 106 ms 133 ms yandex.ru [87.250.251.11]

 

.

 

4. mtr (My Traceroute), traceroute ping. libncurses ( ) GTK+ ( ), , . mtr 2. mtr Linux.

 

.2 mtr

 

5. netstat TCP/IP. , , . , : , , , , . . netstat.

 

5.1.

netstat , / . , , . , NAT .

. , ( ), .

:

admin@ddd:~$ netstat -ta

(servers and established)

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State

tcp 0 0 *:29011 *:* LISTEN

tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN

tcp 0 0 172.24.0.157:35608 213.199.179.141:40041 ESTABLISHED

tcp 0 0 172.24.0.157:37760 163-247.static.quie:www TIME_WAIT

tcp 0 0 172.24.0.157:36441 95-28-49-237.broa:26647 ESTABLISHED

tcp 0 0 172.24.0.157:38541 172.24.0.170:55554 TIME_WAIT

tcp 0 0 172.24.0.157:54369 bos-w031b-rdr1.bl:https ESTABLISHED

tcp6 0 0 localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN

 

TCP. UDP .

 

5.2.

. , , , . , , .

, . . , , .

netstat -r .

IP-. .

 

:

admin@ddd:~ > netstat -r

Kernel IP routing table

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Ifac

ddd.sut.ru * 255.255.255.255 UH eth1

195.19.219.120 * 255.255.255.248 U eth0

195.19.219.128 * 255.255.255.192 U eth1

192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U eth0

195.19.221.0 lgw.ccs.sut.ru 255.255.255.0 UG eth1

193.125.0.0 lgw.ccs.sut.ru 255.255.0.0 UG eth1

loopback * 255.0.0.0 U lo

default lgw.ccs.sut.ru 0.0.0.0 UG eth1

 

5.3.

- Ethernet-. , , .

:

admin@ddd:~ > netstat -

Kernel Interface table

Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg

eth0 1000 0 844904 0 17 0 1454454 5 0 0 BRU

eth1 1500 0 590844 0 7 0 434438 59 0 0 BRU

lo 3924 0 45754 0 0 0 45754 0 0 0 LRU

 

. (RX-OVR, TX-OVR) 3% , 0,5% .

 

5.4.

netstat -s . , : IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP. .

:

admin@ddd:~$ netstat -s

I:

17058

2

0

0

: 4364

: 3936

Icmp:

ICMP : 306

ICMP : 0

ICMP

: 8

: 263

-: 35

ICMP: 280

ICMP: 0

ICMP

: 8

-: 14

IcmpMsg:

InType0: 35

InType3: 8

InType11: 263

OutType3: 8

OutType8: 14

OutType69: 258

Tcp:

: 148

: 0

: 4

: 2

: 0

: 3386

: 2895

: 39

: 0

: 8

Udp:

: 661

: 8

: 0

: 723

TcpExt:

, : 1

67 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer

: 119

69

11 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue.

3635 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue

: 1745

, : 5

311 acknowledgments not containing data payload received

: 299

9 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack

1 timeouts in loss state

19 retransmits in slow start

TCP -: 19

22 packets collapsed in receive queue due to low socket buffer

DSACKs: 9

1 -

2 connections reset due to early user close

TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 3

TCPSackShiftFallback: 9

IpExt:

InMcastPkts: 15

OutMcastPkts: 19

InOctets: 4353792

OutOctets: 405434

InMcastOctets: 2714

OutMcastOctets: 2990

IP. IP, IPv4, IPv6. netstat , ICMP. ICMP IPv4 IPv6 , , . ICMP.

 

:

1. . . . .

2. : , , 5 . TTL .

3. (, , - ..). netstat , , , Ethernet. (. .1). .

 

:

1. , (TTL, - ..), ( ).

2. IP-.

3. , , , , netstat, , .

 

:

1. RFC 792 Internet control message protocol. September, 1981.

2. RFC 950 Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure. August 1985

3. RFC 4443 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. March, 2006

4. RFC 2925 Definitions of Managed Objects for Remote Ping, Traceroute, and Lookup Operations. September, 2000.

5. . ., .. . , , . 4-. , 2010.

 





:


: 2016-11-02; !; : 829 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1844 - | 1731 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.052 .