WORD FORMATION
(COMPOUNDING)
| head + ache = headache |
:
toothache, stomachache, earache, backache
(AFFIXATION)
()
| -ure | ( ur-a, ) | structure , measure pressure |
:
nat ure, pleas ure, mixt ure, lect ure, pict ure, fut ure, cult ure
| - ion | ( io, ) | to protect protection todecide decision |
1. :
consultat ion, occlus ion, attent ion, invas ion, commiss ion, product ion, sess ion, occupat ion, obstruct ion, conclus ion, funct ion, format ion, occas ion, erupt ion
2. -ion:
to discuss (), to contract (), to connect (), to impress (), to invent ()
| -(i)ty | , | difficult difficulty |
1. , , :
activ ity, reali ty, human ity, abil ity, possibil ity, responsibil ity, quant ity, qual ity
2. -ity:
equal (), human (), dense (), immune (), certain ()
| -ment | , , ( ment-um, , ) | to excite excitement , |
1. , :
require ment, treat ment, achieve ment, appoint ment, depart ment
2. -ment:
to move (), to nourish (), to improve (), to develop (), to place ()
| -age | passage , bandage |
.
vill age, cartil age, haemorrh age, band age, langu age, us age, dam age
| -ance (-n) | to enter , entrance , |
, , : differ ence, assist ance, attend ance, pres ence, import ance, confer ence, subst ance
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| -th | , . -th : strong strength . | warm warmth togrow growth |
:
dep th, leng th, tru th, wid th, dea th
| ancy (-ency) |
 (nt+ncy)
| infancy insufficiency |
:
suffici ency, urg ency, persist ency, emerg ency, defici ency, depend ency, effici ency
| -ness | weak weakness |
1. , : bad ness, readi ness, cold ness, white ness, red ness
2. -ness:
ill (), sick (), excessive (), distinctive (), calm ()
| -er | , | to write writer to magnify - magnifier |
1. , : work er, observ er, invad er, intensifi er, amplifi er.
2. -er:
to examine (), to lead (), to teach (), to organize (), to help ()
| -ist | , , , | ecologist |
, :
chem ist, anatom ist, physiolog ist, therap ist, neurolog ist
| -ship | friendship leadership |
: relation ship, partner ship, author ship, champion ship, hard ship
| -hood | brotherhood |
:
baby hood, mother hood, child hood, man hood, likeli hood
| -ic, -al, -ar | ( ic-us, -al-is, -ar-is, , ) | base basic person personal cell - cellular |
1. , :
experimental, prophylact ic, anatom ic, practic al, democrat ic, soci al, medic al, ventricul ar, corpuscul ar, muscul ar, vascul ar, regul ar, particul ar
a) - al: form (), practice (), person (), experiment, clinic;
b) - ic: history, chemistry, mechanism, toxicity, spleen
| -ive | to connect connective |
1. , :
attentive, relative, effective, decisive, demonstrative
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2. -ive:
to construct, to collect (), to act (), to illustrate (), to protect ()
| -ous | ( os-us, , ) | fame , famous , |
1. :
fibr ous, numer ous, continu ous, vari ous, infecti ous
2. -ous:
vena, nerve, danger ()
| -able (-ible) | , ( bil-is, ) | to compare comparable |
, :
consider able, change able, eat able, vari able, comfort able, respons ible, extens ible, poss ible, cur able, predict able
| -ant, (-ent) | constant significant , |
, :
dist ant, pres ent, abs ent, import ant, depend ent, differ ent
| -ish | , ( ) | fever feverish yellow yellowish |
, :
redd ish, thinn ish, woman ish, fatt ish, long ish, black ish, thick ish
| -ful | , ( full (.. ) | hope hopeful to forget forgetful |
1. :
use ful, beauti ful, help ful, thank ful, watch ful
2. -ful:
pain (), harm (), rest (, ), care (), success ()
| -less | , - - | use useless child childless |
1. :
sleep less, care less, help less, home less, life less
2. -less:
pain (), hope (), rest (, ), life () frame (, )
| -1 | rapid rapidly hour hourly |
1. , :
dai ly, great ly, beautiful ly, friend ly, year ly, gradual ly
2. -1:
normal, bad, real, short (), part (), quick (), usual (), careful ()
| -ward(s) | , | upward forward |
:
in ward, east ward, back ward, on wards, out ward
| -ate | circulate |
:
calcul ate, radi ate, oper ate, regul ate, estim ate
| -ize (-yse, -yze, -ise) | summarize analyze |
1. , :
real ize, recogn ize, critic ize, general ize, special ize
2. -ize:
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|
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oxide, active, material, crystal, immune
| -ify | class to classify |
, :
pur ify, intens ify, solid ify, not ify, sign ify
, :
| - | salt salty NB! : remedy ; carry . [ai]: to supply . |
:
) : difficult y, stud y, bod y
b) : appl y, multipl y, stud y
c) : happ y, air y, word y, health y, sunn y, bon y wind y
| -r (-r, -r) | surgery pulmonary . |
:
ordin ary, aliment ary, prim ary, second ary, respirat ory
| -ian | , , | Russian pediatrician |
:
) : Ukrain ian, Ind ian, Siber ian
) : music ian, politic ian, academic ian
| -ate (-ete,-ite,-ute) | graduate accurate |
:
) : ultim ate, compl ete, min ute
) : deleg ate
| -en | , , | wood wooden deep deepen |
:
) : gold en, wool en, lead en
) : strength en, moist en, less en, straight en, length en
| un-, in-(im-, il-, ir) | , | usual unusual organic inorganic |
:
im possible, in definite, ir regular, un done, un happy, il legal, un written, in effective, un important, il logical
| intra- | - | cellular intracellular |
:
intra cranial, intra muscular, intra venous, intra cardiac, intra pleural intra thoracic, intra tracheal, intra spinal
| inter- | -, -, -, - | interaction intercostal interspace (, ) international . |
:
to inter act, inter change, to inter connect, inter cellular, inter auricular
| sub- | : | to divide to subdivide . |
:
sub division, sub acute, sub tropical, sub costal, sub cutaneous, sub class, sub serous
| over- | , , -, -, - | dosage overdosage |
:
over strain, over work, over estimate, over pressure, over weight
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| dis- | , | to appear to disappear |
:
dis continue, dis organize, dis cover, dis covery, dis connect, dis connection
| re- | , , | to write to rewrite to read to reread |
, , : re place, re act, re -examine, re build, re form, re organize
| in- | , | to include ( ) to inhale |
:
in flame, in hale, in born, in doors, in duction
| ex- | to exclude to expel |
:
ex change, ex clusive, ex hale, ex port
| en- | , | large to enlarge to close to enclose , |
:
to en able, to en circle, to en courage, to en rage
| mal- | , | nutrition malnutrition , |
:
mal formation, mal practice, mal position, mal occlusion, mal function
| anti- | - ( -) | antiseptic ( ) |
:
anti fascist, anti social, anti thesis, anti toxic, anti tumour
. .
1. accident () accidental accidentally
2. act (, ) action active activity activate activation actively to activize activated activization
3. assess () assessment reassessment
4. automat automacity automatic automatical automatism
5. biologic(al) biologist biology
6. care (, , ) careful carefully careless carefulness carelessness
7. cause (, ) causative causal
8. collaborate () collaborator collaborative collaboration
9. compare () comparative comparison comparable
10. conclude () conclusion conclusive
11. death () dead deadly to die
12. defect (, ) defective
13. depend () dependant dependence
14. differ (() difference different differential differentiate differentiation differently
15. effect (, , ) effective effectively effectiveness
16. elaboration () elaborate
17. epidemiology epidemiologist epidemic epidemical
18. essential () essence essentially
19. evidence (, ) evident
20. examine () examination examiner
21. exist () existence existent preexisting
22. expect () expected expectation unexpected
23. expert experience experiment experimental experimentation
24. expose ( ) exposed exposition exposure
25. extreme () extremely extremity
26. frequent () frequently frequency
27. generate (, ) generation generator
28. important () unimportant importance
29. pathology pathologic(al) pathologist
30. incident () incidence incidental incidentally
31. increase () decrease
32. individual individually
33. interest interesting interested
34. investigate () investigation investigator investigatory
35. mature () maturity prematurity
36. nature () natural to naturalize naturalistic
37. normal abnormal normalize normally
38. operation to operate preoperative postoperative
39. order () disorder
40. origin () original originality originally originate
41. pain () painful painless
42. physiology physiological(ly) physiologist
43. practice () practically practical practise practitioner
44. price () priceless
45. produce () reduce induce reduction production
46. progress to progress progressive progressively progressiveness
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47. pure () purity purify purified purely purification purifier
48. quantity () quantitative quantify
49. react () reactive reaction
50. flexion (, , ) flexibility flexible
51. regular regularity regulate regulation regulator regulative
52. relate ( ) relation relationship relative relativity
53. repeat () repeatedly
54. rest (, ) restless restlessness
55. risk risky to risk
56. safe () safety safely save
57. science () scientist scientific scientifically
58. simple () simplify
59. society () social socialism socialist
60. special especially specialist speciality specialize
61. stimulate () stimulant stimulation stimulus (stimuli)
62. sudden () suddenly suddenness
63. sufficient () sufficiency insufficient insufficiency
64. suggest (, ) suggestion suggestive
65. system systematic systematize systematically
66. to associate (, ) association associative
67. recover () recovery
68. to detect () a detective detective
69. to determine () (un)determined determination
70. to direct () direction, (in)direct director directly
71. technique technical(ly) technician
72. to extend () extension extensive extensively
73. to initiate (, ) initiation initiator initial(ly) initiative
74. to occur (, ) occurrence
75. to press () to depress pressure to impress depression depressive impressive impression
(CONVERSION)
| work - to work help - to help |
:
1. Group the results. Examine the group. (, )
2. The results interest them. Biochemistry was of great interest to Gamaleya. (, )
3. The operation risk is great. The operation was a great risk, but the doctor risked it. (, )
4. Read the reviews. The reviews were favourable. He reviews the methods. (, , , )
5. The studies are of importance. She studies antibiotics. (, )
6. How does the organ function? The function of the liver is to act as a filter. The new heart functions well. Describe the major functions of the liver. (, )
7. He plans to begin his scientific work in May. His scientific plans are very interesting. (, )
8. Professors Ivanov and Smirnov head the Students Scientific Society. He was the head of the delegation at the Congress of Russian Anatomists. (, , )
9. I need your help very much. A friend in need is a friend indeed (). Any patient with cardiac insufficiency needs the treatment with digitalis () preparations. The Russian government pays great attention to the needs of our public health. (, , )
10. The nurses take care of the patients. She nurses the patients with great care. (, )
11. The number of the vertebrae which form the coccyx may be from one to five. In the human body the skeletal muscles number 600. A number of interesting findings was found out experimentally. (, , (-.))
12. The muscles of the human body are different in their form. A number of muscular fibers form a band. (, )
13. Please count from one to ten! You must do the white blood cell count of thispatient. (, )
14. You must counthow many days on an average we shall spend on this experiment. What is the average temperature in the Crimea during August? (, )
15. The doctor is going to discharge this patient from the hospital because his condition has become good. Why does the wound continue to discharge much blood? The discharge of blood out of the wound continues. (, )
16. The patient had a bad ache in his ear. My head aches so badly that I cannot read. (, )
17. The X-ray examination did not reveal any lung trouble. The doctor wants to know what troubles the patient. (, , )
18. Ido not doubt that the patient will feel well after the treatment. There is no doubt that the pain will be controlled soon. (, )
19. During the operation the approach to the diseased portion of the colon was difficult. The surgeon approached the valve on which he had to operate. (, , )
20. Numerous branches of small vessels branch off the coronary vessels. (, )
21. Some students of our group have made a marked progress in English that is whytheir marks are much better now. (, , (.. , ))
22. A bandage was put on the arm to bandage the damaged blood vessels. (, ( ), ())
23. The treatment resulted in wonderfully good results. (, (.. -)).
24. Having returned home I took my temperature and noted its return to normal. (, )
25. At a polyclinic or a hospital all our citizens can receive medical advice free of charge. Our physician always advises his patients the necessary effective treatment. (, )
26. Persons who have suffered smallpox have unpleasant marks on their faces. The most important problems which face the medical science at present are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. (, (-.), ( -. , -.; , ), (-. - , . .)
(POLYSEMANTICISM)
| , (), .. , . |
, :
1. Last month they had practical classes at the Chair of Therapy. These experiments usually last for about two hours.
2. There are two terms in the academic year. The first-year students study many anatomical terms.
3. In summer I usually rest in the village. My friend and I went to the theatre
and the rest of our group went to the cinema.
4. What kind of books do you like? We know that this doctor is a very kind and intellectual person.
5. The doctor is going to discharge this patient from the hospital because his condition has become good. Why does the wound continue to discharge much blood?
(, )
6. The patient does not require any preparation to be treated with Adonis preparation.
7. Atsix sharp the patient felt a sharp pain in the heart area.
8. Here is a list of biological terms. List the symptoms.
9. It is important to follow the doctors recommendations. The operated children were followed to age 7 or 8.
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10. For the first time influenza virus was isolated in 1934. It was time to operate.
11. This problem requires further study. No further infections occurred.
12. The effects mean that concentration is high. The mean dosage of verapamil was 320 mg/day. What do you mean?
13. He was then referred to the hospital. The information available refers to a very strict definition of angina.
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14. The two diseases have common etiologic background. The present study was aimed to form a background for future studies with mutant animals. The director of the laboratory would like to know about he new workers background.
,
,
,
,
(INTERNATIONAL WORDS)
, , ,
| : (.) international (.) international(e) (.) internacional (.) internazionale (.) |
