As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.
The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruction. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.
The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.
The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the operand is sent from the instruction register to the address register. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.
The arithmetic - logical unit (AL U) executes the processing operations called for by the instructions brought from main memory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.
Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or "greater than".
So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-logical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called registers. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the results temporarily until they can be tranferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.
3. , :
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|
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1. What are the functional units of CPU?
2. What is the function of CU?
3. How does CU operate?
4. What is the function of a counter?
5. What role does a decoder play?
6. What is the sequence of CU operations?
7. What is the function of the arithmetic-logical unit?
8. What operations are performed by ALU?
9. What primary components does ALU consist of?
10. What isthe function of an accumulator / comparer?
4. :
; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
5. , :
Register: address register; base register; clock register; command / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hardware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register.
Counter: binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.
Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu selection; security selection.
Management: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource management; task management; window management.
6. , :
Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange.
Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation.
Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real.
11
1. 11:
environment ; ; ;
external environment
human-related ()
human-independent
remote terminal
reel of magnetic tape
input-output interface (, ) -
scan ; ;
scanner ;
bar-code scanner / bar-code reader -
regardless of ;
to match characteristics
similarly ; ;
to fall between ;
card reader ()
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line printer ;
page printer
character printer
optical character reader
ptical mark reader
visual display -
digitizer - ;
keyboard input device
plotter
voice recognition and response unit
2. , - :
Text 11. INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT
Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment.
The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote banking terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a device that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output.
Input-Output Interfaces, Data enter input units in forms that depend upon the particular device used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors*(IOP).
The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.
Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those high speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall between they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed.
High-speed devices: magnetic disk; magnetic tape.
Medium-speed devices: card readers; line printers; page printers; computer output microfilms; magnetic diskette; optical character readers; optical mark readers; visual displays. Low-speed devices: bar-code readers; character printers; digitizers; keyboard input devices; plotters; voice recognition and response units.
3. :
1. What is the purpose of input and output devices?
2. What types of input-output devices do you know?
3. Why are data transformed into a binary code while entering the input device?
4. Give an example of a human independent output.
5. What is an I/O interface?
6. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices?
7. What types of I/O devices tend to be high-speed devices?
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8. What types of devices tend to be low-speed devices?
4. :
-; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; -; ; -; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; .
5. , :
Environment: application environment; communication environment; execution environment; external environment; hardware environment; interface invironment; management environment; multimedia environment; network environment; processing environment; security environment; software environment; user environment.
Interface: channel interface; common interface; data interface; database interface; display interface; external interface; flexible interface; floppy-disk interface; general-purpose interface; hardware interface; low-level interface. S canner: bar code scanner; black-and-white scanner; color scanner; desktop scanner; hand scanner; laser scanner; manual scanner; optical scanner; visual scanner.
Terminal: batch terminal; desktop terminal; display terminal; printer terminal; remote terminal; security terminal; logical terminal; text terminal.
6. , :
Infinitive Active _____ Passive___
Indefinite to ask ____ to be asked__
Continuous to be asked --- ______
Perfect to have asked to have been asked
Perfect Continuous to have been asking
1. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices. 3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of electronic computers was a breakthrough () of the second part of the 20lh century. 4. Mendeleyev's periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great importance nowadays. 5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adopt the output to the external environment. 6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the CPU.
7. Computers to have been designed originally for arithmetic purposes are applicable for great variety of tasks at present. 8. The film to have been running for over a month this year attracts attention of many spectators. 9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is called a microprocessor. 10. Russia was the first country to start the cosmic era.
12
1. 12:
keyboard
key ; ; ; , ; ; ;
manipulator ;
trackball
touch panel
graphic plotting tables
sound card ()
enable ; ; ;
operating mode press a button
keep buttons depressed
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double-click
erase images , ()
roller ;
track ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
by means of
permitting capacity
2. 12 , :
Text 1 2. INPUT DEVICES
There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards etc.
When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.
Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabilities of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.
The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user's orientation on the display. The mouse's primary functions are to help the user draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.
In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase emages. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse's vertical movements, the other is tracking horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giving the user good control over the textual and graphical images.
In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.
Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and inputtig manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their capability to respond to the force of pen pressing. Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photographies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.
Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.
Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.
3. , :
1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?
2. What was the most common device in early personal computers?
3. What is the function of a keyboard?
4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard?
5. How does the mouse operate?
6. What is its function?
7. What role does the ball on the bottom of the mouse play?
8. What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators?
9. What is the touch pad's principle of operation?
10. Where do graphical plotting tables find application?
4. :
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - " ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
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5. , .
accomplish: accomplished; unaccomplished; accomplishment.
To adapt, adaptable; unadaptable; adaptability; unadaptabil-ity; adaptation; adapter.
To digitize: digit; digital; digitization; digitizer.
To erase: erasable; erasability; eraser; erasing; erasure.
To match: matcher; matching.
To permit: permitted; permissible; permissibility; permission.
To print: printable; printed; printer; printing;
To scan: scanning; scanner.
To recognize: recognition; recognizer; recognizable; unrecognizable.
To respond: response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility; irresponsibility.
To reverse: reversed; reversible; irreversible; reversion; reversibility.
To transform: transformer; transformation; transformational; transformative
6. , "for + Infinitive" "Objective with the Infinitive". :
1. It was not difficult for the pupils to understand the function of the mouse in computer operation. 2. There is no reason for computer experts to use computers of the first generation nowadays. 3. The mechanism is provided with special devices/or the whole system to function automatically. 4. The text was very interesting but rather difficult for the students to translate it without a dictionary. 5. It is not easy for me to learn to speak English fluently. 6. We know the machine to react to a series of electrical impulses that can be represented in binary numbers. 7. Scientists considered silicon to be one of the best materials for the creation of an 1. 8. Wfe know all data to be translated into binary code before being stored in main storage. 9. Engineers expect these new devices to be tested very soon. 10. They want their son to become a computer operator and to design new computer models.
13
1. 13:
human-readable form
performance () ; ; ; ;
character printer ;
line printer
page printer
() impact printer ()
letter-quality printer
dot-matrix printer -
ink-jet printer
laser-beam printer
to identify ; ;
approach ; ; ;
at a time ;
to cause ; (.-.); ;
to strike against a ribbon
typewriter
to spray drops of ink
to affect ; ; (.-.)
technique ; ; ; ;
printer output ;
2. :
Text 13. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS
Printers provide information in a permanent, human-readable form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. Wewill classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a different speed range. In addition, printers can be described as either impact or nonimpact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.
Character printers print only one character at a time. A typewriter is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form printed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affected by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.
Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be printing a line at a time. They are impact printers. Trie speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drumprinters use a solid, cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of dram printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.
Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their printing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophotographic techniques, have developed from the paper copier technology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.
3. , :
1. What are the three types of printers?
2. What is a letter-quality printer?
3. What is a dot-matrix printer?
4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems?
5. What is the most common printer type used on large computer systems?
6. What is an impact printer? Give an example.
7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples.
8. What are the most widely used printers?
9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer?
10. Which of these printers is slower?
11. What types of character printers do you know?
12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer?
13. What are the main types of a line printer? Which of them is faster?
14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?
4. :
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; .
5. :
Approach: comprehensive approach; database approach; educational (training) approach; general approach; graphic approach; self-study approach; step-by-step approach; trial-and-error approach.
Performance: application performance; computer performance; device performance; disk performance; display performance; error performance; execution performance; memory performance; network performance; processor performance.
Printer: black-and-white printer; color printer; character (at-a-time) printer; dot-matrix printer; graphical (image) printer; impact printer; ink:jet printer; laser printer; letter-quality printer; matrix printer; network printer; page (at-a-time) printer.
Technique: advanced technique; analog technique; computing technique; display (video) technique; formatting technique; hardware technique; measuring technique; modeling (simulation) technique; multimedia technique; numerical technique; programming technique; scanning technique; software technique; testing technique.
6. , Nominative with the Infinitive ( ):
1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design. 2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices. 3. Magnetic fields are supposed to effect a high iron content of the ink. 4. The ink-jet printer is stated to be one of the newest types of character printers. 5. Electrophotographic techniques proved to have developed from the paper copier technology. 6. An impact printer is considered to produce a printed character by impacting a character font against the paper. 7. Dot-matrix printers seem to have a lower quality of type. 8. The most common printer type used on larger systems is sure to be the line printer.
14
1. 14:
personal computers
competitive operating systems
IBM (International Business Machine)
to enter the fray
computer of choice
to fall by the wayside ;
to survive onslaught
word size ;
soft-copy output , -
hard-copy output
online storage
offline storage
input media
output media
general -purpose ;
stand-alone
to plug in ;
leisure activities
2. , :
Text 14. PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the, introduced in 1977 by the Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the way-side. One of the few companies to survive IBM's onslaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a decade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calculator and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost everyone.
What is a personal computer? How can this device be characterized?
First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.
Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are smaller than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 to 512 K.
Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.
A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output media.
Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.
Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal computer is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.
3. , :
1. When did the first personal computer appear?
2. What was one of the first PC model?
3. What is a personal computer?
4. What are the four main characteristics of a PC?
5. What does the term microprocessor-based" mean?
6. What are the typical word sizes of a PC?
7. How is input carried out in personal computers?
8. What principle storage devices do PC use?
9. What kind of a system is a PC?
10. What differs personal computers from large computer systems?
4. :
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; () ; ; ; ; ; ; ; () ; ; ; ; ; ; .
5. 1, . .
6. :
) ; ) . : and, but, or, while, both... and, as well as, not only... but also, either... or, neither... nor.
A) 1. The computer you told me about was constructed at a Russian plant. 2 We hope we'll buy the computer your friend spoke so much about 3. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 4. The teacher says we may ask any questions we like. 5. Elements integrated circuits are made of are electrically interconnected components. 6. The main tendencies of 1 development scientists are working at are to increase the scale of integration and to improve reliability. 7. Where are the computer games I gave you yesterday? The computer games you are asking about are on the top shelf. 8. He was one of the greatest scientists the world had ever known.
B) 1. These devices can perform both the input and output functions. 2. Data are recorded on magnetic discs and tapes either by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. 3. Neither -the programmer nor tha analyst could explain the cause of the computer errors. 4. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage. 5. This grammar exercise is not only too long but also very difficult. 6. Printers may be either impact ornonimpact. 7. Character printers are used with all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes. 8. Both primary and secondary storage contain data and the instructions for processing the data. 9. The CPU functional units can be in one of two states: either "on" or"ofF\ 10. High-speed devices are both input and output devices that are used as secondary storage.
15
1. 15:
word processing
telephone dialing
security ;
appliance ;
maintenance ; ;
application software
to delete ; ;
to move paragraphs around
accountant
accounting
income tax
stock market forecasting
worksheet
s cheduling ,
computer-assisted instructions
to meet the demands
record keeping ;
grading ;
2. , :
Text 15. APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.
Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.
The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.
Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.
Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning, and the examination of "what if situations.
Educational. Personal computers are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.
Two important types of uses for personal computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.
3. , :
1. What are the main spheres of PC application?
2. Do you enjoy computer games?
3. Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or a programmer to play computer games?
4. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name?
5. What is "a word processing program"?
6. What possibilities can it give you?
7. Can you correct mistakes while typing any material and how?
8. What other changes in the typed text can you make using a display?
9. Which professions are in great need of computers?
10. How can computers be used in education?
4. :
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - .
5. :
a) :
Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use; to start; to switch on; to supply; to give possibility; to involve.
Nouns: rate; analyst; possibilities; use; plays; control; post; mode; profession; consultant; teacher; director; book-keeper; fight; producer; attack; amateur; device; crystal; error; storage; primary (memory); monitor; characteristic; aim.
Adjectives: flexible; thrilling; main; little; general;
b) : Verbs: to finish; to switch on; to take; to delete.Nouns; online; input; work.
Adjectives: cheep; weak; common; general; large; soft; high; easy.
6. :
PC; PU; CU; ALU; CPU; MPU; IBM; DOS; CRT; ROM; RAM; 1; SSI; MSI; LSI; VLSI; MP; CD; I/O; IOP; CMI; CAI.
:
1. .. ». . .:, 2009.- 280 .;
- . . . - - 2002.- 350 .;
- . . . . - , , . 1998. 351 .;
- . . . . 2002. 213 c.;
- . . . / , 2006. 219 c.;
- . . , . 2001. -150 c.
:
- Raymond MurphyEnglish grammar in use Cambridge University Press, 2003. 327 c.
- - - .
-:
www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish
www.onestopenglish.com
www.developingteachers.com
www.longman.com
www.teachingenglish.org.uk
