. , . .
, : WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) - . , , WAP, . WAP- , , . , , , WAP-. WAP , . - !!! ?.. , : , , - .
:
CSD - ;
HS CSD CSD ( );
GPRS ( ).
CSD HS CSD , GPRS / .
/ :
Type () | Uplink () | Downlink () |
GPRS | 14 kbps | 28-64 kbps |
GSM CSD | 9.6-14 kbps | 9.6-14 kbps |
HSCSD | 28 kbps | 28 kbps |
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service ) GSM, . GPRS GSM , . GPRS / , , online.
GPRS , c . , , , .
C , , , GPRS. GSM , , GSM , .
, , . , 171,2 /c.
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GPRS, .
Class A : / . 2005 .
Class B : / ( ) .
Class C , GPRS-.
- .
- | ||||
:
- .
- .
-.
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) , 2G . TDMA GSM . EDGE GSM . EDGE : ECSD - CSD, EHSCSD - HSCSD, EGPRS - GPRS. EDGE 2003 .
EDGE GSM. EDGE , 3 , .. - 1 , 3 . 473,6 /, , , , .
, . EDGE, GPRS, . GPRS . , 57,6 / ( 14,4 / GPRS). , , .
EDGE GPRS. 1997 , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ( GSM).
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, 3- , EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( ). , EDGE 3G , , 2.5G.
IMT-MC450 (CDMA2000)
IMT-MC CDMA CDMA2000, 3G cdmaOne.
CDMA CDMA2000. CDMA2000 1 153 /, , , , , .
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO , 2.4 / 153 / , 3G , .
1EV-DO Rev A, . 3.1 / 1.8 / .
, 1EV-DO Rev B, : 4.9 / 2.4 / . .
CDMA2000 , ( ), . , , .
. , CDMA2000 250 , GSM-900 2 ( ), GSM-1800 1 ( ). , , . , 450 .
, 3 (, , ), , .
UMTS (IMT-DS/WCDMA)
UMTS, (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, ) , 3G. CDMA WCDMA (wired CDMA), 5 , 2,4 /.
WCDMA/UMTS GSM WCDMA. 2 /.
, , . , GPRS EDGE, UMTS/WCDMA -, , , Web-, .
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UMTS - 3G, (ETSI). GSM -.
, UMTS : 1885 2025 2110 2200 .
1900 GSM 1710 1755 2110 2155 . , 850 1900 .
, GSM, UMTS : , .
, UMTS HSDPA, . , 14 /.
HSDPA . , , , .
HSDPA (. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ) 3G ( ) HSPA. o UMTS - 42 /. 337 / HSDPA+ 11 3GPP. (4G). 80 /, 14,4 /
HSUPA (. High-Speed Uplink Packet Access,) - HSDPA, " " , W-CDMA . HSUPA 5,7 /, , , , , , .
GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) ( . ) 3GPP CDMA, UMTS. , , , , , , . 3GPP LTE 326,4 / ( 1 / ) (download) 172,8 / (upload); 173 / 58 / .
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LTE Advanced, 10 LTE, , , IMT-Advanced.
LTE . 5 , 30 100 ( ).
. . handover
c . . , , . . , . (AMPS, NAMPS, NMT-450) (DAMPS, CDMA, GSM, UMTS). , .
, .
, . , .
, GSM.
- , : "" - - SIM (Subscriber Identity Module - ), . - IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity - ), . SIM, , IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity - ). , IMEI IMSI - IMEI , IMSI - .
" " NSS (Network and Switching Subsystem - ), , "" MSC (Mobile services Switching Center - ). "", , , . ( ). , , - , , .
HLR (Home Location Register - ) VLR (Visitor Location Register - ). HLR, , , . ( , -, IMSI, - ), .
HLR, , VLR ` - , - . VLR , ( !) ( , ). - VLR, VLR, .
, , HLR VLR , : , , - , VLR . HLR VLR, , VLR , , , .
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NSS - AuC (Authentication Center - ) EIR (Equipment Identity Register - ). , , , .
, , , BSS (Base Station Subsystem - ). , . BSS "" "" - BSC (Base Station Controller - ), "" - BS (Base Station - ). - , - - . BSC BS , . BSC , ( ).
. - , , , ( , ).
, IMSI . IMSI "" , , , - . , IMSI 25099 . (250-, 99 - ). IMSI VLR HLR. VLR, , VLR, , " " .
. AuC - RAND, . SIM Ki ( - IMSI, SIM) 3 - SRES (Signed RESult) SRES = Ki * RAND. AuC ( HLR Ki ). SRES, , SRES, AuC, TMSI - . TMSI .
, IMEI, IMEI .
"" , , GSM, IMEI , EIR, "" . , IMEI, - , , , - "" , , .
VLR HLR , - . . , , - . , "" , , - , - , , . "" (, , , ) .
, BS - ( BS - "", ). , BS , LA (Location Area - ). , LA , . LA , , . LA , , , , LA, .
handover ` ( ). ( ) . ( , BS) , , , , .
Handover` :
.
, .
, , .
, , .
, handover ` - MSC. , handover `, , BSC, MSC .
Bluetooth . Bluetooth , , , , , , , , , . IEEE 802.15.1
Bluetooth , . Bluetooth, , , 10 , . , Bluetooth .
Ericsson, Special Interest Group (SIG). SIG 1999 . Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba Nokia, , Microsoft Motorola, .
Bluetooth 2,4 , , 723 / 100 . , Bluetooth. 3 Bluetooth:
1 100 , 100 .
2 2,5 , 10 .
3 1 , 1 .
. Bluetooth ISM- (. Industry, Science and Medicine), ( 2,4-2,4835 )[8][9]. Bluetooth [10] (. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, FHSS). FHSS , , .
FHSS, Bluetooth 1600 [7] ( 79 1 , , ́ 23 ). , 625 ( ) . , -, . : . (64 / ) : ( ), .
Bluetooth point-to-point, point-to-multipoint[7].
Bluetooth 1.0
1.0 (1998) 1.0B . 1.0 1.0B (BD_ADDR) , .
Bluetooth 1.1
Bluetooth 1.1 , 1.0B, , (RSSI).
Bluetooth 1.2
1.2 (AFH), () . eSCO, . HCI - UART.
:
- .
- (AFH), .
- , 1.1, , 721 /.
- (eSCO), , , , .
- Host Controller Interface (HCI) UART.
- IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005[11].
- (Flow Control) (Retransmission Modes) L2CAP.
Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR
Bluetooth 2.0 10 2004 . 1.x. Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) . EDR 3 /, 2,1 /. [12].
() GFSK- 1 /. EDR GFSK PSK , π/4-DQPSK 8DPSK. 2 3 M/ [13].
Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR, , EDR . EDR 2.0 , Bluetooth 2.0, . , HTC TyTN Pocket PC, Bluetooth 2.0 EDR [14].
2.0 + EDR , EDR :
- 3 (2,1 /) .
- - .
- .
Bluetooth 2.1
2007 . ( ), Sniff Subrating, 310 . , , , Near Field Communication.
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
2008 Bluetooth SIG 2.1+EDR. Bluetooth 5 , Bluetooth- .
Bluetooth 3.0 + HS
3.0 + HS [13] Bluetooth SIG 21 2009 . 24 /. Ÿ AMP ( ) ( MAC/PHY), 802.11 . AMP: 802.11 UWB, UWB [15].
: 3 / ( Bluetooth 2.0) ; 802.11 24 / ( Wi-Fi). . , . Bluetooth 3.0 802.11 ( ), Wi-Fi, 802.11b/g 802.11n.