, , , ', ' , . 60- .
1966 . . (Flynn) . , 쳺 , , . ³ :
SISD = Single Instruction Single Data
MISD = Multiple Instruction Single Data
SIMD = Single Instruction Multiple Data
MIMD = Multiple Instruction Multiple Data
SISD (single instruction stream / single data stream) . ' , , . , ' , SISD-, . . . ' SISD Compaq, Hewlett-Packard Sun Microsystems.
MISD (multiple instruction stream / single data stream) . . , , . , , . - . , , .
SIMD (single instruction stream / multiple data stream) . ֳ , 1024 16384, . . SIMD- CPP DAP, Gamma II Quadrics Apemille. SIMD- '. ' , . . , , ( ). , , . , , ' Hitachi S3600.
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MIMD (multiple instruction stream / multiple data stream) . ֳ . SISD-, ', . , MIMD- . , , . ij, SX-5 NEC, Cray T3E . , ' . , , . , : , , , , . MIMD-, , '. ' , , . ' , , , .
, , , , , ' .
SMP- MPP-
SMP-|
SMP| (symmetric| multiprocessing|) . || SMP| |',| || ', .
. 3.1. SMP-|
' , , || , || '. SMP-| . || ||. SMP-| (SGI| PowerPath|, Sun| Gigaplane|, DEC| TurboLaser|), : (), /|,| (I/O) ' I/O (PCI|, VME64|). SMP-| |',| SMP-c| Intel| (IBM|, HP|, Compaq|, Dell|, ALR|, Unisys|, DG|, Fujitsu| .) (|| UNIX-|, || Intel-| Windows| NT|). ( ) , || || '.
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SMP-|:
. SMP| , || ||: || , . || , . || ' , '|| '. SMP-| || ;
. , SMP-| , , ;
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||:
|| || ' .
|| || SMP-| || - . |',| , || || , || || '. |,| ||. , ' . || || 8-24 . , ( ) () . , . 32 . || , , SMP| NUMA-|. || SMP-| || ', (shared| memory| paradigm|).
MPP-|
MPP| (massive| parallel| processing|) - . , ' . || , || , ' (), (|) || , || / || /|,|. , ' (. .3.2). || || () || . ' . , , || || . () MPP-|. () || (front-end|), , || , || || . UNIX-| , .
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. 3.2. || '
|| ' |',| || : SMP-|, || ' || ', ' | . , , (ASCI| Red|, ASCI| Blue| Pacific|).
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|| ' , || || , . || ;
|| '|| ';
|| || , . - || '.
|| ' |',| ' -1000, IBM| RS/6000 SP|, SGI/CRAY T3E|, ASCI|, Hitachi| SR8000|, Parsytec|.
CRAY| T3E| SGI|, Dec| Alpha| 21164 || 1200 / (CRAY| T3E-1200|), || 2048 .
|| MPP-| Massive| Passing| Programming| Paradigm| || (MPI|, PVM|, BSPlib|).
3. ó NUMA|
NUMA| (nonuniform| memory| access|) '.
ó || || || ' || || '. ', : ' || , || |',| ||, . || || (), '. '|'| . ϳ , || ', ' . ' , ||. , NUMA| |',| MPP| (-) , SMP| ( ) . ' || SMP-| ' || , SMP-| || , || .
' || ||: ' | | | SMP-|. ' || || (Butterfly|):
. 3.3. ' || ||
|| , || Exemplar|. , SMP-|. Գ|-| HP| ' SPP|. (Seymour| R.Cray) || , cc-NUMA| (Cache| Coherent| Non-Uniform| Memory| Access|), ' || . ³ || Origin|.