−. .
−
Y = A×Kα ×Lβ , A − ,
;
;
α, β − ;
(
)
( );
,
1;
(
)
()
(., 1942)
Y = A× Kα × Lβ × ent = f(K,L,t)
ent − ,
, :
y = αK + βL + n
n = y − (αK + βL)
y −
K, L, n − , ,
: y = 3.2%, K = 3%, L = 1%, n = 1.7%
3.2% = 0.25×3% + 0.75×1% + 1.7%
1.5%
K L ( ) = 1.5% /3.2% ≈ 47%
( ) = 1.7% /3.2% ≈ 53%
()
,
Y = f(eμt K, eλt L)
( CES − constant elacticity of substitution).
.
.
K/L : K/L − const→EK L = const
.
( : APK , MPK ): Y/K = r
.
: Y/L = w
( VES − variable elacticity of substitution).
.
()
()
()
()
.
1950 − 1960 .
1987 .
,
;
;
(AS)
- :
Y = A× Kα ×Lβ , α + β = 1
;
;
;
(σ×k) (sY);
( );
.
1.
AS : Y = F(K,L).
L, : Y/L = F(K/L, 1) → y = f(k):
Y/L (= y)
K/L (= k)
( 1 1 )
AD :
Y = C + I 1 y = c + i
: = (1 − s)y s −
0 < s < 1
y = (1 − s)y + i → i = sy → i = s×f(k)
i AS
AD = AS : f(k) =
s AD
2. ?
, :
,
− .
:
i = s×f(k)
s k:
y = f(k)
i = s×f(k)
c = f(k)− s×f(k)= (1−s) ×f(k)
f(k) MPK , k.
, , : s, k
y
i
σ−const σ×k.
Δk = i − σ×k = s×f(k) − σ×k
, s×f(k) = σ×k,
.. Δk = 0
, , () k* .
.
Δk = 0: s×f(k) = σ×k
, .. k k* :
k1 < k* : i1 > σ×k1 → k↑
k2 > k* : i2 < σ×k2 → k↓
3. ?
s1 →s2 s1 ×f(k) →s2 ×f(k).
, k* 1 σ×k1 * : k* 1 i'1 .
k* 2 ό .
1)
;
2)
, .
4. ,
.
,
, k** .
1
c* = y − i = f(k* ) − σ×k* → max
i = s×f(k* ) − σ×k*
(c* )' = [f(k* ) − σ×k* ]'k* = 0 MPK − σ = 0
k* 1 < k**
: f(k* 1 ) > σ×k* 1
→ ↑c (MPK > σ)
k* 2 > k**
: f(k* 2 ) < σ×k* 2
→ ↓c (MPK < σ)
k** f(k* ) σ×k* , − .
, " ",
: MPK = σ ( ), MPK − σ = 0.
, :
k* > k** . , : ↓s → ↑c, ↓i → i < σ×k → ↓k → ↓y,c,i
.. , .
, : k* < k** . , .. .
:
↑s → ↓c, ↑i → i > σ×k → ↑k → ↑y,c,i.
.
10− ( )
. " ".
30 (1961 −1991 .) . 22 − 25%.
2% , . − 6% .
6.
n. : Δk = i − σk − nk Δk = i − (σ + n)k:
− ,
k,
(σ + n)k
,
1 :
σk
nk
k* :
Δk = s×f(k) − (σ + n)k = 0 → s×f(k* ) =
= (σ + n)k*
k*
n k y ( ):
ΔY/Y = ΔL/L = ΔK/K = n
, .. ; .
1
, , .
c* = f(k* ) − (σ + n)k* → max
(c* )' = [f(k* ) − (σ + n)k* ]'k* = 0
MPK = σ + n MPK − σ = n
, .. :
Y = F(K, L×E) E − 1
L×E −
E g:ΔE/E = g.
L n
(L×E) (n + g)
E g
k*
Δk = s×f(k) − (σ + n +g)k = 0 →
s×f(k* ) = (σ + n + g)k*
c* = f(k* ) − (σ + n+ g)k* → max
(c* )' = [f(k* ) − (σ + n+g)k* ]'k* = 0
MPK = σ + n + g
MPK − σ = n + g
, ..
.
, , ;
− , , ;
−
;
− s, σ, n, g − .
Y = AF(K,L)
A − ,
ΔY ΔA ΔK ΔL
= + α + (1 − α)
Y A K L
.
(" "):
ΔA/A = ΔY/Y − α × (ΔK/K) − (1 − α) × (ΔL/L)
" "
;
,
→ " "
−
→ " "
,
: 2016-11-02 ; ! ; : 1149 |
:
:
- , , . ==> ...
1815 - | 1592 -
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