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III. 3. 2. The Past Perfect Tense




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The Past Perfect is used to denote:

, :

 

An action accomplished prior to a given past moment. It may be a single point action, a recurrent action or an action of some duration.

The Past Perfect is commonly found in past-time contexts, i.e. in narrations, to denote actions in the pre-past time plane.

, . , .

, .. . , . . . , .

e.g. I knew him a little: we had met in Rome a year ago.

I opened the window. The rain had stopped but the wind was still blowing.

Slowly I began to recollect how it had all happened.

 

N.B. If there is a succession of pre-past actions, then it is sufficient to mark the step back in time by the initial one or two verbs in the Past Perfect, and then we may resort to the Past Simple.

N.B. , , .

 

An action begun before a given past moment and continuing into it or up to it

(the primary meaning of the Past Perfect Continuous):

, ( ):

a) with stative verbs.

) .

e.g. She began to do all the things that she had wanted to for years.

b) with some dynamic durative verbs.

b) .

e.g. He said he had dined at home ever since he moved in.

c) in negative sentences.

c) .

e.g. We had not met since July.

 

In adverbial clauses of time introduced by when, before, after, as soon as, till, until to express a future-in-the-past action expected to be accomplished prior to another future-in-the-past action.

, , , , , , , , .

e.g. She said she would see you after she had settled her affairs.

You would have to talk to him before he had made up his mind.

 

III. 3. 3. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

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The Future Perfect is used to denote:

, :

 

 

An action expected to be accomplished prior to a given future moment usually indicated by an adverbial modifier.

, , , .

e.g. You ll have gone to bed by the time I have finished my work.

She will have been in your service fifteen years next year.

 

N.B. In order to express an action which was expected to take place and be accomplished prior to a definite future-in-the-past moment, shall and will are substituted by should and would respectively (the latter is mostly used for both cases nowadays). The form is often referred to as Future Perfect-in-the-Past.

N.B. , , , , , shall will should and would ( ).

e.g. I was afraid that he would have left by the time I got to the station.

 





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