, , , ( ). : ( ) ' .
- .
1. (although , though , if , once , when , while , ) - to be:
A bullet cannot alter its course, while in flight.
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2. whatever , ; matter how ; however , ... may be .
Whatever the shape of the magnet, it has two poles.
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No matter how weak the initial impulse, it gives the body a forward motion.
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:
Whatever the method (size)...
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() No matter how strong...
However simple (difficult)...
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3. if, where, when + ( -able, -ible) (is).
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If (when, where) necessary
(, )
If (when, where) possible
(, )
4. if any (If anything) there is (are) if there is any.
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The nucleus determines the radioactive properties, if any of the atom.
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if any .
have + +
to have , , .
It is possible in the transformer of this type to have part of the winding serve as both primary and secondary.
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ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
Industrial equipment of electronics is known to play a very important role today.
Hundred of electronic equipments are now available to science andvarious industries help to do jobs better or more economically for to take over jobs that could not be done otherwise.
The application, use, and proper maintenance of the many electronic equipment now in industrial use demand a certain knowledge to be of the fundamentals various standard electronic equipment.
We already know that in motors, incandescent lamps, transformer, etc., the electricity always flows in the copper wire or other metal parts. But consider lightning, where electricity seems to jump through space. The great electric pressure of lightning forces the electric current to pass through the air. In the same way, inside any radio tube, tiny electric currents are made to pass through the space separating certain parts in the tube. Such action where electricity appears to flow through space instead to being confined to metal conductors or circuits is said to be electronic.
Why is it called electronic? Years ago, scientists who were trying to explain how electricity passed through space, imagined such an electric current to be a steady stream of tiny electrical particles. They called these particles electrons. Today, any electric current is believed to consist of countless number of electrons. Only when electricity passed through space, when the stream of electrons comes out of the metal into the open, is such action said to be electronic. A device is called electronic, electricity must flow across the space inside the device and be controlled by that device.
In ordinary air, electrons can be made jump through space only by pressure of high voltage. But if it enclosed in a tube from which the air has been removed, the electrons flow across the space more easily. All tubes must be carefully sealed for the desired conditions to be maintained inside the tube. Most of the small tubes are vacuum tubes, the large ones usually containing mercury or other vapour.
Some electric lights are electronic. The common incandescent light bulb is not Considered as electronic though it is enclosed like a radio tube, for the electric current flows entirely within the metal filament. In contrast, the fluorescent lamp is electronic, its light is produced by the action of electric current flowing through the space between the two ends of the lamp.
Electronics as a science is not new, for radio, sound picture, fluorescent light, etc. are known to depend upon electronics.
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Vocabulary notes
are now available to science -
to take over jobs -
maintenance - ,
demand a certain knowledge to be of the fundamentals -
incandescent lamps -
transformer -
seems to jump through space -
in the same way
comes out of the metal into the open-
vacuum tube -
filament -
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
IV .Translate the following sentences with the elliptical construction.
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Pattern: When in rapid motion, electrons can produce...
, ...
1. Though invisible in themselves, ultraviolet rays can be utilized in the production of light. 2. Although a medium-small star, the Sun is ever a thousand times as massive as Jupiter. 3. When at its greatest distance from the Earth, Mars is about half as bright as the Polar star. 4. Once in the air, the jet aircraft is relatively simple to fly, owing to the present of some controls. 5. The fact is that V-2, although a tremendous achievement was primitive by comparison with many modern guided missiles.
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Translate the following sentences with the construction "have + noun + infinitive ".
1. It is necessary to have the personal be aware of the dangers involved in operating such a device. 2. Slow neutrons can be detected by having them Interact with an isotope of boron. 3. The advantage gained by having specialized groups concentrate on various tasks is obvious. 4. The main advantage of the auto transformation is the saving of copper obtained by having part of the winding serve as both primary and secondary. 5 In the early days of aviation, engines were small and could be started by having someone turn the propeller by hand. 6. Because of the many types of turbine engines, it is not possible to list all the major components and have the list apply to all engines.
FASTER THAN LIGHT
The theoretical forecast made by the physicists on the transparency of particles and their capability to pass through each other has been confirmed on the accelerator of atomic particles in Serpukhov, a town near Moscow. The accelerator made it possible to study the nature of the interrelated nuclear forces between two protons. It appears that they cause the particles to repulse one another, i.e., to act like an electric field. The physicists consider that the Serpukhov accelerator will help them to solve many problems.
Lesson 14
| : Future of Electronics. , . : yet, still, rather, than. |
