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I. - , :
network operating system (NOS)
multiple users
client-server NOS
workstation
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CS&E)
utility
plug and play hardware
to implement
to mirror
file server
desktop
to feature
to install
distributed computing
print spooling
II. :
significantly, reliability, instructional
III. , :
computer system; open systems philosophy; performance advantages; power management; application support; management technologies; Windows NT 5.0-based server; UNIX operating systems; file server; separate CS&E research lab; graduate students; digital video support
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1. As with all computer systems, computer networking requires an operating system and separate and distinct applications. Most operating systems are proprietary or designed to run on specific computer hardware. Applications are more ubiquitous, and in keeping with the open systems philosophy, have been designed to operate on just about any computer platform.
Network Operating Systems
2. Microsoft Windows NT has become the most widely used network operating system, or NOS. Windows NT is designed for multiple users and platforms. It is contrasted to Windows 95 and 98, which are both designed for the individual PC user. Windows NT is a client-server NOS; that is, there is an NT Server version and an NT Workstation version. The latest release, Workstation 5.0 significantly extends its reliability, security, networking, and performance advantages.
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3. Windows NT Workstation 5.0 includes all the familiar tools, utilities, and application support of Windows 95/98, including Windows Explorer, plug and play hardware management, power management, and broad application support. It also features IntelliMirror, a set of management technologies that combine the power and flexibility of distributed computing with a tightly managed environment. IntelliMirror works by "intelligently mirroring" a user's data, applications, system files, and administrative settings on Windows NT 5.0-based server.
4. A case in point is the University of Washington's Department of Computer Science & Engineering, a strong teaching and research organization that uses Windows NT. For years, the department used the UNIX operating system, but in 1993, it implemented changes. Beginning with the instructional program and moving into the research facilities, the CS & E Department began integrating desktops and servers to Windows. Today most of the department's computers and many of its file servers are Windows-based. They have migrated the core infrastructure of e-mail and Web server to the Windows NT Server NOS.
5. The department's computing environment is a number of LANs that use switched Ethernet with 100 Mbps service. In the primary instructional computing lab, seven Windows NT Server-based machines provide file services, print spooling, and application support to 60 PCs running Windows NT. They coexist on a single subnet along with numerous UNIX hosts and X Windows terminals.
6. A separate CS & E research lab, used largely by faculty and graduate students, includes 14 Windows NT Server-based machines along with numerous Windows NT Workstation-based desktops. The servers provide Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server and Microsoft Systems Management Services support, digital video support, and other services. A separate introductory programming lab, used for the introductory CS & E course, runs Windows 95.
7. Most administrative desktops in the department also run Windows NT-based and the full suite of Microsoft Office applications. 500 Windows-based systems have been installed in the department over the past three years.
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Text 17
Networking Applications
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spreadsheet
Web browser
database management system (DBMS)
middleware
interactive task
to pick up files
electronic commerce
order-entry application
II. :
fourth, interactive, increasingly, undoubtedly
III. , :
network server; client PC; word processing; data manipulation tools; client machine; Web site; middleware virtual office; Web-based information system; user middleware; multiple Internet site; publish-subscribe middleware
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many, new, useful, widely, good, productive
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1. Most users want to use applications with which they are already familiar, and there is no reason not to do so in a networked computing environment. Many applications are delivered from the network server, or may run on a client PC and be mirrored to other PCs or servers. These applications include word processing, spreadsheet, Web Browser, and so forth.
2. Perhaps the most important application in a networked environment is the DBMS, or database management system. Large enterprises may have hundreds of databases in use, the products of a number of different vendors such as Oracle, Sybase, or Informix. Users need data manipulation tools, such as SQL, fourth-generation languages, or a spreadsheet to work with the data. All this is accomplished in the same way as a user working at a stand-alone PC or a terminal.
3. A new category of software, called middleware, performs interactive tasks between users at their client machines and the Internet or a Web site. For example, a user might have a middleware virtual office with a Web address that allows him or her to check messages, post reports, pick up files, and interact in virtual meetings with other users, regardless of their location.
4. Middleware is becoming increasingly important as more companies expand existing client-server, mainframe, and simple Web-based information systems into new electronic commerce and order-entry applications. For example, Talarian offers a Java version of its SmartSockets publish-subscribe middleware, which allows developers to build Java programs that can communicate with programs written in almost any programming languages on any platform.
5. Another type of user middleware is BusinessVue (and its cousin StockVue) from Alpha Micro. It automatically pulls together data from multiple Internet sites so users can gather a wide range of strategic information about competitors and their business plans. Middleware is undoubtedly the first of many new, innovative applications that all users and developers use to get the information provided on the World Wide Web in more useful, productive ways.
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