, , .
| : The reading of scientific books is useful. | : Reading scientific books is useful. |
| : The readings of this device are quite correct. . | : His reading technical magazines without a dictionary helps him in his research. , |
| , of: The reading of scientific books is useful. | of, . |
.
, , .
, . when / while I .
When seeing the car at the door I understood that our director had already returned. (Participle I)
On seeing the car at the door I understood that our director had already returned. (Gerund)
1) , :
To dislike / to like ,
To prefer
To propose I like reading.
To remember I like to read such books.
2) :
To avoid
To enjoy
To excuse This part wants repairing.
To intend (. ,
To need, to require )
To want
3) :
- , :
To depend on To prevent from
To hear of To rely on
To insist on To result in
To know of To succeed in
To object to To think of
- :
To be afraid of To be glad at
To be astonished at To be interested in
To be displeased with To be pleased with
To be famous for To be fond of
To be proud of To be surprised at
- :
Because of
On account of -, ,
Thanks to
Due to
Owing to
Instead of
For the purpose of
With the object of , ,
With a view to
In the event of
It is of no use
It is not worth while
What is the good of ?
I cannot afford
I cannot help
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
| () + + + + () |
. . , .. .
|
|
|
1) My brother does not live in Moscow.
2) (- + . ( ., ., ., ) His aim is to graduate from the institute this year.
3) ( , , + )
I must work at my English. She began to translate this article yesterday.
1) (? ?) I never see him here.
2) (? ?) I showed him my drawing yesterday.
3) (? ? ? ?) This article is about our plant.
: , , , . (? ? ? ?)
In the morning I work at the plant.
. (? ? ? ?)
This young engineer works at a laboratory organized last year.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
, , yes no.
| / | |||
| IS | YOUR FRIEND YOUR FRIEND | - A STUDENT? | IN MOSCOW? - |
| DOES | YOUR BROTHER | STUDY | AT SCHOOL? |
, .
- Do you study at the institute or at the university?
- I study at the university.
- , .
| - | ||||
| WHERE WHAT | ARE IS | THE BOYS? - | - THE GIRL? | - - |
| WHERE | DO | YOU | LIVE | IN SUMMER |
.
| ( ) | ||
| WHO WHOSE BOOK | WILL MAKE LIES | A REPORT? ON THE DESK? |
IMPERSONAL SENTENCE
, , one, it, .
:
1) It is cold. It was getting dark.
2) It is two o clock.
3) It is difficult to translate this article without a dictionary.
- (it is said, it was reported, it is expected)
.
, :
1) to take, it , ,
|
|
|
It took me two hours to translate this text.
2) To rain
To snow
To freeze
It often rains in summer.
It snowed much last winter.
CONVERSION
. , .
Place to place
House to house
Clean to clean
Free to free
: back , , , .
.
The bright light came in through the window.
.
He stopped to light a cigarette.
.
INVERSION
, .
, had, could, might, should. , .. . .
Should he come, let him wait for me.
, .
Had he been to England (=if he had been) he would have spoken English much better.
, .
.
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
, and,but,or, .
Lomonosov was born in Russia, he devoted all his life to Russia and to Russia he gave all his energy and knowledge.
, .
: that, what, who, where, etc.
That he is a bad friend is well-known. What is done cannot be undone.
- : that, what, when, etc.
The weather is not what it was yesterday.
: that, if, whether.
He said that he felt tired.
, : who, whom, whose, which, why, etc.
The children who live in that house are the friends of my son.
1. : while, after, till, as long as, when, by the time, etc.
While there is life there is hope.
2. : where, wherever.
He went where the doctor sent him.
3. : because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
Now that he is here he can help.
4. : as, as if, as thought, that, etc.
He played so well that everybody admired him.
5. : so that, so.
The box was blocking the way so that one could not pass.
6. : though, although, in spite of the fact that.
Although the weather was bad we went for a walk.
7. : so that, in order that.
He speaks slowly so that children may understand him.
8. : if, in case, unless, on condition that.
If I see him tomorrow, I will ask him about it.
