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I. -




(IUS CONTRA BELLUM)

 

1.

 

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3. bellum iustum <3>, , , . , , . , . . , <4>. , . . , , , ( - ), , , . , ( ) . . , , , : (ius in bello) <5> <6>. XIX . , , .

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<3> .: 1. . 92 104; . : Christopher. Just War Theory: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis, 1990; Mantovani. Bellum iustum: Die Idee des gerechten Krieges in der Kaiserzeit, 1990; Kunz. Bellum iustum et bellum legale, AJIL 45 (1951) 528ff; Kolb. Ius contra bellum, 2003, 15ff; .: P. Mayer. War der Krieg der Nato gegen Jugoslawien moralisch gerechtfertigt, ZIB 6 (1999) 287ff.

<4> .: Bilfinger. Vollendete Tatsache und 15 (1953/54) 453 (463ff); Fassbender. Die Gegenwartskrise des Gewaltverbots vor dem Hintergrund der geschichtlichen Entwicklung, EuGRZ 31 (2004) 9ff; Kolb (Fn 3) 19ff.

<5> . . 56 .

<6> .: 7. . 56 .

 

4. 1899 1907 <7> . , -, ius in bello, , -, . - : ( -) <8>. , , , .

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<7> .: . Hague Peace Conference of 1899 and 1907, EPIL II (1995) 671ff.

<8> .: Benedek. Drago-Porter Convention (1907), EPIL I (1992) 1102f.

 

5. . <9>, <10>. , . (. 11 ( - )). . . " " . , , (. . 13 15 ). , , , (. 16 ).

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<9> . Collective Security, EPIL I (1992) 646ff. " " (. 24 ), (B VerfGE 90, 347ff), - ; .: Tomuschat // Dolzer/Vogel (Hrsg). Bonner Kommentar, Loseblatt, Art 24 Rn 136 u 177ff; Frank // Wassermann (Hrsg). Alternativ-Kommentar-GG, 2. Aufl 1989, Art 24 Abs 2 Rn 7; Randelzhofer // (Hrsg). Kommentar zum Grundgesetz, Loseblatt, Art 24 Rn 20.

<10> .: Parry. League of Nations, EPIL III (1997) 177ff.

 

6. - - 1928 <11>, . . , <12>. . -, , . -, "", , , , . 1930- <13>. , , <14>. -.

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<11> .: Wallace. Kellogg-Briand-Pact (1928), EPIL III (1997) 76ff; Fassbender (Fn 4) 245f.

<12> .: Randelzhofer. Use of Force, EPIL IV (2000) 1246ff.

<13> Fischer // Ipsen. , 5. Aufl 2004, 59 Rn 4.

<14> Bryde. Self-Defence, EPIL IV (2000) 361ff.

 

7. - , : . " ". , <15>. 4 . 2 : " , - , ". , - . , , . , , " " 1970- , 1975 <16> , 1990 <17> " " <18>.

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<15> Randelzhofer (Fn 12) 1246ff; Fassbender (Fn 4) 246ff.

<16> : Fastenrath (Hrsg). KSZE-Dokumente der Konferenz die Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa, 1994, A. 1.

<17> Fastenrath (Fn 16) A. 2.

<18> . .: BGBl 1990 II, 1318.

 

8. , <19>. -, , , "Nicaragua" <20> . , , . , , , . . . - , , . , - . , , . , , <21>. - . .

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<19> Kadelbach. Zwingendes , 1992, 228f; Bothe. Das Gewaltverbot im Allgemeinen // Schaumann (Hrsg). Gewaltverbot, 11 (16); Wildhaber. Gewaltverbot und Selbstverteidigung // Schaumann (Hrsg). Gewaltverbot, 147; . International Law in the Past Third of a Century, RdC 159 (1978-I) 1 (87f). .: 1. . 131 .

<20> "Nicaragua". .: ICJ Rep 1986, 14, 98ff.

<21> : , (. 16), "" (. 20), (. 18), (. 19), (. 24). . .: Franck. Who Killed Article 2 (4), AJIL 64 (1970) 809; Combacau. The Exception of Self-Defense in U.N. Practice, in Cassese (Hrsg). The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, 1986, 9; Glennon. How War Left the Law Behind, NY Times v 21.11.2002, A33; .: Gray. Use of Force; M.E. O'Connell. AJIL 97 (2003) 446ff.

 

)

 

9. 4 . 2 " ", <22>. , <23>. . , . , , ( ). .

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<22> .: Arend. International Law and the Recourse to Force: A Shift in Paradigms, Stanford JIL 26 (1990) 1ff; Berstermann. Das Einmischungsverbot im , 1991; Bruha. Gewaltverbot und nach dem 11. September 2001, AVR 40 (2002) 383ff; David. et limite du principe de non-intervention, RBDI 23 (1990) 350ff; des Gewaltverbots. Bedarf es einer Modifikation der Reichweite des Art 2(4) UN Charta? Friedens-Warte 74 (1999) 139ff; Elias. Scope and Meaning of Article 2 (4) of the United Nations Charter // Cheng/Brown (Hrsg). Contemporary Problems of International Law, 1988, 70ff; Erickson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism, 1989; Franck. Who Killed Art 2 (4)? or Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States, AJIL 64 (1970) 809ff; Henkin (Hrsg). Right v Might: International Law and the Use of Force, 1991; ders. The Reports of the Death of Art 2 (4) are Greatly Exaggerated, AJIL 65 (1971) 544ff; Higgins. The Legal Limits of the Use of Force by Sovereign States: United Nations Practice, BYBIL 37 (1961) 269ff; Hinde (Hrsg). The Institution of War, 1991; Horn. Die Anwendung Gewalt auf zivile Passagierflugzeuge im und ihre Rechtsfolgen, 1992; Kirkpatrick. The Use of Force in the Law of Nations, Yale JIL 16 (1991) 583ff; . Gewaltverbot und Selbstverteidigungsrecht nach der Satzung der Vereinten Nationen bei staatlicher Verwicklung in Gewaltakte Privater, 1995; Kunz. Sanctions in International Law, AJIL 54 (1960) 324ff; McDougal/Feliciano, International Coercion, Aggression and Self-Defence in Policy Perspective, Yale LJ 68 (1958/59) 1057ff; . The Use of Force between its Past and Present, Int Peacekeeping, 4 - 5 (1999) 115ff; O'Connell. Regulating the Use of Force in the 21st Century, Colum J Transnat'l L 36 (1997) 473ff; Reimann. Das Gewaltverbot im Wandel, FS Bindschedler. 1980, 549ff; Reisman. Article 2 (4): The Use of Force in Contemporary International Law, ASIL Proc 78 (1984) 74ff; Schachter. The Right of States to Use Armed Forces, MichLR 82 (1984) 1620ff; Schwebel. Aggression, Intervention and Self-Defence, RdC 136 (1972-II) 411ff; Tomuschat. Gewalt und Gewaltverbot als Bestimmungsfaktoren der Weltordnung, EA 1981, 325ff; Waldock. The Control of Use of Force by States in International Law, RdC 81 (1952-II) 455ff; Zemanek. The Unilateral Enforcement of International Obligations, 47 (1987) 32ff.

<23> Meng, War, EPIL IV (2000) 1334ff; Epping. Der Kriegsbegriff des Grundgesetzes. Der Staat 31 (1992) 39ff; Epping. Die Entwicklung und Bedeutung des Kriegsbegriffes das , HV-I 1991, 99ff.

 

10. , , . , <24>. : , ( N 2625 (XXV) 24 1970 ) <25>, ( N 3314 (XXIX) 14 1974 ) <26>. , <27>, , <28>. . . , , , " " <29>. , , ( ), . - ? , , . (). , <30>. , . , , , . : , ; - <31>. . , , ( ), <32>.

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<24> Schindler // Schindler/Hailbronner, Grenzen, 13ff.

<25> .: Sartorius II, Nr 4; .: Arangio-Ruiz. The UN Declaration on Friendly Relations and the System of Sources of International Law, 1979; Rosenstock. The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations, AJIL 65 (1971) 713ff; Neuhold. Die Prinzipien des "KSZE-Dekalogs" und der "Friendly Relations Declaration" der UN-Generalversammlung // Simma/Blenk-Knocke (Hrsg). Zwischen Intervention und Zusammenarbeit, 1979, 441ff; Scheuner. Zur Auslegung der Charta durch die Generalversammlung, VN 1978, 111ff; Graf zu Dohna. Die Grundprinzipien des die freundschaftlichen Beziehungen und die Zusammenarbeit der Staaten, 1973; Frowein. Freundschaft und Zusammenarbeit der Staaten, EA 1973, 70ff.

<26> .: VN 1975, 120; Arntz. Der Begriff der Friedensbedrohung in Satzung und Praxis der Vereinten Nationen, 1975; Broms. The Definition of Aggression, RdC 154 (1977) 299ff; Ferencz. Defining International Aggression, 2 Bde, 1975; Bruha. Die Definition der Aggression, 1980; Cassin/Debevoise/Kailes/Thompson. The Definition of Aggression, Harvard ILJ 16 (1975) 589ff; Randelzhofer. Die Aggressionsdefinition der VN, EA 1975, 621ff; Kersting, "Act of Aggression" und "Armed Attack", NZWehrr 23 (1981) 130ff; . Die Definition der Aggression, FS Menzel, 1975, 387ff; Stone. Hopes and Loopholes in the 1974 Definition of Aggression, AJIL 71 (1977) 224ff; Witten. The Declaration on Friendly Relations, Harvard ILJ 12 (1971) 509ff; Zourek. Enfin une de l'aggression, AFDI 20 (1974) 9ff.

<27> .: 1. . 146 150.

<28> Bothe. Die der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen die Definition der Aggression, JIR 18 (1975) 127ff.

<29> Schindler // Schindler/Hailbronner. Grenzen, 32ff.

<30> ( ) . . 19 . .

<31> Schindler // Schindler/Hailbronner. Grenzen, 20; Derpa. Das Gewaltverbot der Satzung der Vereinten Nationen und die Anwendung nicht Gewalt, 1970; Dicke. Die Intervention mit wirtschaftlichen Mitteln im , 1978.

<32> .: Stein/Marauhn, Aspekte von Informationsoperationen, 60 (2000) 1ff; Greenberg (Hrsg). Information Warfare and International Law, 1997; Jacobson. War in the Information Age, J Strat Stud 21/3 (1998) 1ff; M.N. Schmitt. Computer Network Attack and the Use of Force in International Law, Colum J Transnat'l L 37 (1999) 885ff; Busuttil. A Taste of Armageddon: The Law of Armed Conflict as Applied to Cyberwar // Goodwin-Gill (Hrsg). The Reality of International Law, 1999, 37ff.

 

11. , <33>, . , . , , , . - , , (, , , , , ) <34>; , , . - . , . , " ". , , , ( ), . , , , , : <35>. , , . , , , <36>, , ( ) . , <37> <38> . 39 <39>. , 11 2001 , <40>. , " ". , <41>. "Nicaragua" , <42>. , 11 2001 , , , - <43>. 2006 , "" <44>.

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<33> Randelzhofer (Fn 12) 1250f.

<34> 14 - 21 29.04.1958. (BGBl 1972 II, 1091); . . 100 - 107 (BGBl 1994 II, 1799); , , , 14.12.1973 ( (BGBl 1976 II, 1745)); , 23.09.1971 (BGBl 1977 II, 1230) , , 24.02.1988 (BGBl 1993 II, 867).

<35> 3 : " , , . 2, ... (f) , , , , ; (g) , , , , , , ".

<36> Bialos/Kenneth. The Libyan Sanctions: A Rational Response to State Sponsored Terrorism, VJIL 26 (1986) 799ff; Greenwood. International Law and the United States' Air Operation against Libya, West Virginia LR 89 (1987) 933ff; McCradie. The April 14, 1986 Bombing of Libya: Act of Self-Defense or Reprisal, CWRJIL 19 (1987) 215ff; Reisman. International Legal Responses to Terrorism, Houston JIL 22 (1999) 3 (32).

<37> 1333 19.12.2000 1214 08.12.1998 1267 15.10.1999.

<38> : S/RES/748 v 31.03.1992 (VN 1992, 68); : S/RES/687 v 03.4.1991 (VN 1991, 74ff).

<39> . . 42.

<40> S/RES/1368 (2001) und 1373 (2001).

<41> (Mauer-Gutachten, 139) "Congo/Uganda" ( 141 .) , . (Weber. Die israelischen im Libanon und in den besetzten Gebieten, AVR 44 (2006) 460ff; Talmon. Grenzen der "grenzenlosen Gerechtigkeit" // (Hrsg), An den Grenzen des Rechts, 2003, 101 (143); Oellers-Frahm. The International Court of Justice and Article 51 of the Charter, FS , 2005, 503ff) (, Weber, aaO, 462) . , , , ( .: Bruha/Tams. Self-Defence against Terrorist Acts, FS , 2005, 85 (99)). .: . The Fight against Global Terrorism, GYIL 44 (2001) 9 (15); Sandoz. Lutte contre le terrorisme et droit international: risques et , SZIER 12 (2002) 319 (336); Gray. Use of Force, 164ff.

<42> . g . 3 : " , , , , , , " ( . - .). .: ICJ Rep 1986, 103f.

<43> (Fn 41) 15; Frowein. Der Terrorismus als Herausforderung das , 62 (2002) 879 (885ff); Dinstein. Humanitarian Law on the Conflict in Afghanistan, ASIL Proc 90 (2002) 23; Stahn. "Nicaragua is dead, long live Nicaragua" // Walter u a (Hrsg). Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law, 2004, 827 (864); Stahn. International Law at a Crossroads, 62 (2002) 183 (216ff); .: Kohen. The Use of Force by the United States after the End of the Cold War, and its Impact on International Law, in Byers/Nolte (Hrsg). United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, 2003, 197 (209); Sandoz (Fn 41) 338f.

<44> Weber (Fn 41) 466ff.

 

12. . , , , , , <45>. , , , , , , . ( ) <46>, , , . . , , , , , . , . , , , . , , , <47>.

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<45> . . 3 : " , , . 2, : (a) , , , ". .: Stahn (Fn 43) (Nicaragua) 852.

<46> d . 3 : " , , 2, ... (d) , , ".

<47> .: Bothe. Neutrality at Sea // Dekker/Post (Hrsg). The Gulf War, 1991, 205 (209f); .: Greenwood. Comment, ebd, 213f.

 

13. , . " " <48> , , (failed state) <49>, - , <50>. , , , , , , .

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<48> Herdegen. Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt: "The Failed State", BerDGVR 34 (1996) (61).

<49> " " ("failed state") .: Tetzlaff. Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt in den Staaten Afrikas, Friedens-Warte 74 (1999) 307ff; . Der "zerfallene Staat" und das , ebd, 275ff.

<50> .: v. Lersner. Der Einsatz von Bundeswehrsoldaten in Albanien zur Rettung deutscher , HV-I 19 (1999) 156 (161); . Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt: "The Failed State", BerDGVR 34 (1996) 9 (17).

 

14. , , . , . , <51>. () , ( ) <52>. , . , , - <53>, - . , , <54>. . , , , , <55>. 1970 , , , , <56>.

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<51> Schindler // Schindler/Hailbronner. Grenzen, 29ff.

<52> Dolzer. Falkland Islands (Malvinas), EPIL II (1995) 352ff.

<53> Frowein. Das de facto-Regime im , 1968, 51ff; Frowein. De facto-Regime, EPIL I (1992) 966ff.

<54> Heuser. Taiwan und Selbstbestimmungsrecht, 40 (1980) 31 (69); Verdross/Simma. Universelles , 3. Aufl 1984, 406 Fn 7; Frowein (Fn 53) 35ff.

<55> Schindler // Schindler/Hailbronner. Grenzen, 24ff.

<56> (. 25 . .): "... - , , , , , ".

 

15. . , . 39 <57>. , . , , .

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<57> . . 44.

 

16. , <58>. , . , .

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<58> Sadurska. Threats of Force, AJIL 82 (1988) 239ff.

 

17. , . . 51 . , , , , . , , , . , . . , <59>, . <60> . , , . . , . , , . <61>. , , , , . , <62>. , . , - <63>, .

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<59> , Stationierung und Grundgesetz, 1982, 59ff.

<60> . . 53 .

<61> (Fn 59) 49ff; . : Rostow, Is There a Legal Basis for Nuclear Deterrence Theory and Policy // Cohen/Gouin (Hrsg). Lawyers and the Nuclear Debate, 1988, 175ff; El-Banhawy, ebd, 181ff; Wang, ebd, 186ff. 08.07.1996 (GV-Nuklearwaffen) (ICJ Rep 1996, 226). () , ( 66, 73). , (, , ), (), (, ).

<62> Randelzhofer (Fn 12) 1249f.

<63> Oppermann, Intervention, EPIL II (1995) 1436ff.

 

)

 

18. , , , , - . . : ( ), . . <64>.

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<64> Corten. The Controversy over the Customary Prohibition on the Use of Force, EJIL 16 (2005) 803ff.

 

 

19. 15 " " <65>. , , , . , ( ). , . , , , . , , , , <66>. , <67>. : - , , , . , , . , , , - . . <68>. , , , , , . , , . <69>. , , , <70>. , , <71>. ( "-", , ..) (pre-emptive strikes) <72>. <73>. <74>. , . , , . , , , - <75>. , . . , , , "" <76>. , ( ) <77>. , <78>. , , <79>. <80>.

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<65> Alexandrov, Self-Defense Against the Use of Force in International Law, 1996; Beres, After the Gulf War: Israel, Preemption and Anticipatory Self-Defence, Houston JIL 14 (1991) 259ff; Bowett, Repraisals Involving Recourse of Armed Force, AJIL 66 (1972) 1ff; Elliott. The New World Order and the Right of Self Defence in the United Nations Charter, Hastings ICLR 1991, 55ff; Gardam, Proportionality, Necessity and the Use of Force by States, 2004; Genoni. Die Notwehr im , 1987; Greig, Self-Defence and the Security Council, ICLQ 40 (1991) 366ff; Kunz. Individual and Collective Self-Defence in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, AJIL 41 (1947) 872ff; Malanczuk. Countermeasures and Self-Defence as Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness in the ILC's Draft Articles on State Responsibility, 43 (1983) 705ff; McDougal. The Soviet-Cuban Quarantine and Self-Defence, AJIL 57 (1963) 597ff; Mrazek, Prohibition of the Use and Threat of Force, CYIL 27 (1989) 81ff; Plofchan. Article 51: Limits on Selfdefence, Michigan JIL 13 (1992) 336ff; Schachter, Self-Defence and the Rule of Law, AJIL 83 (1989) 259ff; Stahn (Fn 43 (Nicaragua)) 827ff; Wegwood. The Use of Armed Force in International Affairs, Colum J Transnat'l L 29 (1991) 609ff.

<66> .: Weller. The Changing Environment for Forcible Responses to Nontraditional Threats, ASIL Proc 92 (1998) 177ff.

<67> (Fn 22) 152f; Senghaas. Der Grenzfall: Weltrechtsordnung vs Rowdiestaaten, Sicherheit und Frieden 17 (1999) 134 (136f); Ipsen. Der Kosovo-Einsatz - Illegal? Gerechtfertigt? Entschuldbar, Friedens-Warte 74 (1999) 19 (22f); , Staat und Individuum in Krieg und , NJW 1999, 3077 (3081f); Doehring, , 2. Aufl 2004, Rn 1010ff; Bothe/Martenczuk. Die NATO und die Vereinten Nationen nach dem KosovoKonflikt, VN 47 (1999) 125 (130).

<68> "Nicaragua": 191 ., 211, 249; "Oil Platforms": 51, 64, 72; . : : 12 .

<69> Randelzhofer // Simma (Hrsg). The Charter of the United Nations. A Commentary, 1994, Art 51 Rn 34 mwN.

<70> Hailbronner // Schindler/Hailbronner. Grenzen, 80ff.

<71> " ": " , , , ". .: Meng. The Caroline, EPIL I (1992) 538ff; Reisman (Fn 36) 43ff.

<72> 17.09.2002. (http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf); .: Falk, Global Shock Waves: The Persistence of Terror, Terrorists and Terror-States, 2003; Gareau, State Terrorism and the United States, 2004; O'Day (Hrsg). War on Terrorism, 2004; Charney. The Use of Force Against Terrorism and International Law, AJIL 95 (2001) 835ff; Litwak. The New Calculus of Pre-emption, Survival 44 (2002) 53; Murphy, Terrorism and the Concept of "Armed Attack" in Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, Harvard ILJ 43 (2002) 41ff.

<73> Bothe. Terrorism and the Legality of Pre-emptive Force, ESIL Proc 14 (2003) 227 (237ff); Fassbender (Fn 4) 249f; Gardner, Neither Bush nor the "Jurisprudes", AJIL 97 (2003) 585 (589f); Falk, What Future for the UN Charter System of War Prevention, AJIL 97 (2003) 590 (597f); Franck. What Happens Now, AJIL 97 (2003) 607 (619); Schaller, Massenvernichtungswaffen und 62 (2002) 641 (657ff); Wedgwood. The Fall of Saddam Hussein, AJIL 97 (2002) 576 (584).

<74> O'Connell. The Myth of Pre-emptive Self-defence, Paper, ASIL Presidential Task Force on Terrorism, 2002; O'Connell. Pre-Emption and Exception, Sicherheit und Frieden 20 (2002) 136ff; Falk (Fn 73); Franck (Fn 73); Stahn (Fn 43 (International Law)) 232ff; .: Byers, Terrorism, the Use of Force and International Law after 11 September, ICLQ 51 (2002) 401 (410f); de lege ferenda .: Reisman. Comments // Walter u a (Fn 43) 912. (2003.) , .: Frowein. Is Public International Law Dead, GYIL 46 (2003) 9 (11); . . 24 . .

<75> 2001. .: Preiser, "Operation Enduring Freedom" and the UN Charter, International Peacekeeping 8 (2002) 213 (228ff).

<76> . . 41 . . .: Bruha/Bortfeld, Terrorismus und Selbstverteidigung, VN 49 (2001) 161 (165).

<77> Bryde (Fn 14) 212f; Gardam, Proportionality and Force in International Law, AJIL 87 (1993) 391ff. 2006; . Weber (Fn 41).

<78> , (GV-Nuklearwaf/en, 41); "Nicaragua", 176; "Oil Platforms", 76f.

<79> . . 32 .

<80> S/RES/661 6.8.1990 (VN 1990, 146): .

 

 

20. <81>. <82>, , . 1970- . , , , <83>, . , , <84>. , , <85> . 1962 , <86>. . , , . 1971 <87>, , . . . , , . , , . . , . .

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<81> Schindler // Schindler/Hailbronner. Grenzen, 24ff. . . 25 . .

<82> . (. 25, 56 . .).

<83> . . 26.

<84> . : Klein, Nationale und Dekolonisierungspolitik der Vereinten Nationen, 36 (1976) 618 (623ff).

<85> Kunig, Decolonisation // Wolfrum/Philipp (Hrsg). United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, 1995, 390ff.

<86> .: Wright. The Goa Incident, AJIL 56 (1962) 617ff.

<87> .: Mani. The 1971 War on the Indian Subcontinent and International Law, IJIL 12 (1972) 83ff; Nanda, Self Determination in International Law: The Tragic Tale of Two Cities - Islamabad (West Pakistan) and Dacca (East Pakistan), AJIL 66 (1972) 321ff.

 

 

21. , <88>. , . , , , . ( ) . ( <89> <90>). , "" , (, 1976 ; 1997 ). <91>.

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<88> .: Ader, Gewaltsame Rettungsaktionen zum Schutz eigener im Ausland, 1988; Akehurst. The Use of Force to Protect Nationals Abroad, Int Rel 1977, 3ff; Beyerlin. Die israelische Befreiungsaktion von Entebbe in Sicht, 37 (1977) 213ff; Bowett. The Use of Force for the Protection of Nationals Abroad // Cassese (Hrsg). Current Regulation, 39ff; D'Angelo, Resort to Force by States to Protect Nationals: The US Rescue Mission to Iran and its Legality Under International Law, VJIL 21 (1981) 485ff; . Die Rettungsoperation der Bundeswehr in Albanien am 14.3.1997 aus und verfassungsrechtlicher Sicht, 57 (1997) 329 (346ff); v. Lersner (Fn 50) 165f; Lillich. Forcible Protection of Nationals Abroad: The Liberian "Incident" of 1990, GYIL 35 (1992) 202ff; Nolte, Kosovo und Konstitutionalisierung: Zur Intervention der NATO-Staaten, 59 (1999) 941 (950f); Ronzitti. Rescuing Nationals Abroad Through Military Coercion and Intervention on Grounds of Humanity, 1985; Salter, Commando Coup at Entebbe: Humanitarian Intervention or Barbaric Aggression, International Lawyer 11 (1977) 331ff; Schweisfurth, Operation to Rescue Nationals in Third States Involving the Use of Force in Relation to the Protection of Human Rights, GYIL 23 (1980) 159ff; Strebel, Nochmals zur Geiselbefreiung in Entebbe, 37 (1977) 691ff; Umozurike. The Israelis in Entebbe - Rescue or Aggression, 12 (1979) 383ff; Westerdiek, Intervention und zum Schutz eigener im Ausland, AVR





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