8
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:
- ;
- Present Perfect Active;
- Present Perfect Active Past Simple (Indefinite) Active;
- that (those);
- .
I. 6 7 (15 ).
II. . -6 (40 .)
1. . :
Ø en:
en- + / /, = :
to enable, to encircle, to encourage, to enrage
Ø ar, ive, ous, ion:
1. -ar , , , :
muscle () muscular ()
to beg () beggar (, )
nuclear, liar, lobular, circular
2. + ive = :
to act () active ()
demonstrative, connective, effective
3. -ous (-eous, -ious) , , :
to continue () continuous ()
glory () glorious ()
various, dangerous, infectious
4. -ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion) , , , :
to separate () separation ()
foundation, observation, motion, fermentation, classification, decision, submission.
2. :
1. ferment, to ferment, fermentation, fermentable;
2. to close, to enclose, close, closely, closed, closing;
3. to continue, continuation, continuance, continual, continuous, continuity;
4. to separate, separable, separation, separability;
5. to contribute, contribution, contributor, contributory.
3. :
injury, backbone, to be placed, to include, to take part in, to be located, to consist of, to classify, complex, various
4. :
| 1. voluntary | A. connected |
| 2. beginning | B. to exclude |
| 3. separated | C. not to work |
| 4. to include | D. involuntary |
| 5. the former | E. insignificant |
| 6. important | F. the latter |
| 7. to act | G. end |
5. . , . ( .., . 17, . 59)
1. The word muscle means little mouse in Latin.
2. A positive test means the presence of bacteria in the blood.
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3. Tendons, fasciae, various organs and the bones function by means of muscles.
4. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.
5. The involuntary muscles control the beating of the heart.
6. Nerve impulses cause the muscle to contract.
7. We dont know the cause of his illness.
6. The Muscles 7, :
1. How many types of muscular tissue are there?
2. How do we sometimes call smooth muscles?
3. What is another name of striated muscles?
4. What is the difference between the cardiac and skeletal muscles?
III. 1. . (60 .)
Present Perfect Active.
12 Perfect Active. Present Perfect, . 288-289.
1.1. Since for Present Perfect:
, , .
Since
since , , since + , : since last evening, since last month, since yesterday, since Monday, since 3 oclock, since I was child.
: Ive ridden a bicycle since I was eleven.
Ive ridden a bicycle since I was child.
He has lived in this house from 1999.
For
Present Perfect, , . for + : for six month, for a week, for hours, for two days.
: We have dated for two years.
We have been married for six month.
They have lived there for fifteen years.
:
Since , for .
1.2. Present Perfect or Past Simple:
| Past Simple | Present Perfect |
| 1. : last, ago, in 2015 .. I went to the park yesterday. | 1. : for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet. I have never gone to the park. |
| 2. . | 2. , . |
| 3. , . | 3. , - . |
That (Those).
34 , . 312.
1. :
to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give, to have, to bind, to know
2. Present Perfect:
1. called, has called, is calling;
2. has thought, think, is thought;
3. will have, came, comes, have come;
4. gave, have given,, will give;
5. distinguish, has distinguished, distinguishes.
3. - . :
1. We have just learned the general structure of the body.
2. The bones of the skull protect the brain structure from injury.
3. All the bones of the body are of different types.
4. Muscles are constantly assisting in the body movement.
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5. The doctor has already examined the girls heart when the professor came in.
6. They have never got the books in anatomy.
4. , Present Perfect. :
1. He _____ (to finish) training.
2. She _____ (to score) twenty points in the match.
3. That's amazing! She _____ (to run) fifteen kilometers this morning!
4. Hurry up! They _____ (to start) the film!
5. Mary _____ (to study) hard this year, so she'll pass her exams.
6. The garden is very green. It _____ (to rain) a lot this month.
7. Tom's my best friend. I _____ (to know) him for three years.
8. They _____ (to live) in Volgograd for two years.
9. This patient has earache. He _____ (to have) it since 7 o'clock.
10. We _____ (to live) in London since 2009.
11. I _____ (to do) my homework.
12. He _____ (to win) all his matches this year.
13. My brother and I _____ (to take part) in this scientific conference.
14. It's my birthday party today. I _____ (to invite) many people.
5. for since.
1. I've lived in Washington _____ 1997.
2. Ben has studied English _____ three years.
3. They haven't visited their grandparents _____ months.
4. Julie's ill. She's been in bed _____ Tuesday.
5. My dad has had his new car_____ six
6. It's been ten years_____ we moved to Oxford.
6. , a for since Present Perfect Simple.
1. Kate/be/in bed/a long time.
2. She / not eat / anything / this morning.
3. She / not see / her friends / a week.
4. She / stay / at home / Tuesday.
5. She / have / a red nose / three days.
6. She / not play / basketball / last weekend.
7. She / not do / any school work / Monday.
7. Present Perfect, . .
: (eat Italian food)
Have you ever eaten Italian food?
Lots of times.
1. (ski)
2. (win money)
3. (have a dream)
4. (break a leg)
5. (go to a concert)
8. , Present Perfect Past Simple:
1. I (to know) _______ her for six years.
2. I (to know) _______ him when I was at school.
3. He (to live) _______ in Paris from 2010 to 2015.
4. He (to live) _______ in New York since 2001.
5. Where's Pete? I (not see) _______ him for ages.
6. I (not see) _______ Pete last night.
7. We (to be) _______ at University from 2010 to 2015.
8. We (to be) _______ in this lecture since September.
9. I (not watch) _______ this video yet.
10. I (not watch) _______ a video at the weekend.
11. He _______ (live) in this street all his life.
12. His father ________ (come back) to London last Sunday.
13. I __________ (write) a letter to Nick two days ago.
14. He ________ (send) his letter yesterday.
15. They ________ (just/ buy) some postcards.
16. Ann (wake up) ______ late and (miss) _______ her breakfast on Monday.
17. The artist (draw) ______ a picture of sunset yesterday. She (draw) ______ many pictures of sunsets in her lifetime.
18. We first (meet) ______ in 2001. So we (know) _______ each other for 8 years.
9. . :
1. We (went/have been) to the seaside last summer.
2. I (finished/have finished my homework. Can I go out now?
3. My hobby is fishing. I (have caught/caught) a lot of fish.
4. Jenny is in Oxford today, but she (was/has been) in London yesterday.
5. I (played /have played) basketball when I was younger, but I dont play now.
6. I (have already seen /already saw) this film.
7. I (didn't see/haven't seen) him since 2008.
8. We (have stayed/stayed) at our grandparents for three days. We arrived home yesterday.
9. He (went/has gone) to sleep an hour ago.
10. I (have waited/waited) for a bus for twenty minutes. Then I decided to walk.
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10. . , That (Those):
1. The doctor says that he knows this patient.
2. The bones of the lower extremities articulate with the pelvic bones, those of the upper extremities extend from the shoulder girdle.
3. Trough the centre of the vertebral column runs the canal that contains the spinal cord.
4. We liked that lecture very much.
5. The function of the liver is different from that of the spleen.
6. That was the book he wanted.
7. The special feature of that textbook on anatomy is that it has many pictures.
8. One of the most interesting problems in medicine is that of pathogenesis.
9. Metabolic diseases are those in which certain physiological processes become disturbed.
10. Note that in the middle the bone consists of very compact tissue.
11. We know that the cardiac muscle forms the heart.
12. The structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles.
III. 1. 7, :
1. Muscles are the inactive part of the motor apparatus.
2. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles.
3. The muscles constitute approximately 90 per cent of the total body weight.
4. Smooth muscle is richer in blood vessels than the striated muscle.
5. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control.
6. Smooth muscle can contract rapidly.
7. Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres.
8. Smooth muscle fibres are bound into bundles by blood vessels.
