, : ; ; , ( ) (). , . , . , , , , , .
AD AS . (AD AS) , , . . . . AD AS : , . (. 12.5).
. 12.5. : AD AS.
3 - , . . . 1 - , . 2 - , .
, (. 12.6).
. 12.6. .
QE. , , a QE - , , P1, PE. AS , 1 YAS, YAD.
. . , .
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, . .
, , , , .
. . , . .
. , (. 12.7).
. 12.7. .
(. 12.7 ), , ( AD1 AD2) ( Y1 Y2) (1). (. 12.7 ) ( AD3 AD4) ( Y3 Y4) ( 3 4).
(. 12.7 ) , ( AD5 AD6) ( 5 6) , . . .
( , , ). , , . , -, - , - , , -, , .
10. "-" (" ").
AS
AS .
AS :
;
;
.
AS . , AS , , .. AS.
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, AS AD. AD (. 2.2) .
AS
, AS. , AS , AS, : , , , , .
AS , . AD , , .
AS , , , .
AS , . .
AS.
I ; II ; III .